Wildlife Disease Flashcards
Why worry about wildlife disease?
impacts of human and domestic animal health
wildlife is valued (economically - consumptive and non-consumptive)
understanding the disease’s impact on wild animals
define disease
impairment of a normal body function - in whole or part.
metabolic, infectious, neoplastic, toxic, immune mediated…
outcomes of disease?
health, subclinical disease, clinical disease, death
what three factors are required for disease?
Agent
Host
Environment
Disease agents
bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, prions
have to be present to result in a disease but not not indicate disease
Disease agent factors
virulence
toxicity
environmental resistance
antigenic variation
Disease host factors
age sex species physiological state genetics concurrent disease
Disease environmental factors
weather
pop density
pathogen load
nutrition
definition of a parasite?
an organism that grows, feeds or is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of the host
Define definitive host
allows an agent to go through a sexual phase of development
Intermediate host
agent undergoes an asexual phase of development
how does disease impact population growth
its a density dependent factor that limits population growth
define a reservoir
population that can maintain an infection without a reintroduction
around what % of emerging/re-emerging diseases of concern for human and domestic animal health are acquired from wild animals?
70%
Define zoonoses
A disease that can be transferred to humans from animals
What management strategies were taking for TB in RMNP?
fencing around haystacks
hay removed before winter
extended hunting season around park
protect wolves in the park - improve elk forage
passive surveillance of hunter killed animals
culling of deer
What was done for TB in the UK?
badger implicated as maintenance host
famers - cull
A.R. - don’t cull
how can culling lead to increased transmission risk?
not getting all animals, few run off and cause transmission rather than staying in the same area
what is the natural reservoir for Nipah virus?
bats
spread from bats - swine - people
what was done to manage Nipah virus?
culled pigs separate fruit tree plants from hog farms screening kept bats out limit/ban farming in some areas early recognition and treatment
What was done to manage Nipah virus in Bangladesh
adjusted method of collecting date palm syrup so bats couldn’t get in
SARS
how was it spread so quickly?
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
coronavirus
trade, travel, economics, difficulty finding reservoir
MERS
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
coronavirus
Examples of filoviruses?
Ebola
Marburg Virus
