Body architecture and locomotion

Question 1

Define integument
Function?
example?

Answer 1

outside of body

• protection of tissues/organ
• water conservation
• insulation

ex. evaporative cooling

Question 2

3 layers of skin

Answer 2

1. epidermis
   - keratin (water soluble)
   - melanin (UV protection)
2. dermis
   - connective tissue, nerves, blood
3. hypodermis
   - below skin
   - loose connective tissue (causes skin to adhere to underlying muscles
   - fat
   - some sensory receptors

Question 3

what is hair derived from? what are feathers/scales derived from?

Answer 3

hair = epidermis
feathers/scales = dermis

Question 4

did hair evolve before or after endothermy? why?

Answer 4

after

couldn’t have been before bc no way to release heat

Question 5

3 components of hair

Answer 5

Medulla - core
Cortex - cells around core
Cuticle - scales

Question 6

2 types of hair growth patterns

Answer 6

1. Angora
   - continuous
   - might not be shed
   horses mane
2. Definitive
   - attains a fixed length then shed
   -dog

Question 7

2 Functional types of hair

Answer 7

1. Vibrissae
   - sensory
   - tactile
   - definitive growth
2. Pelage -many functions
   - -> Guard haris
   - awn
   - spine
   - -> porcupine
   - underfur

Question 8

What is hair colour determined by?

Answer 8

proportions of melanin

Question 9

What are 5 adaptive functions of hair colour?

Answer 9

• Thermal
• Crypsis/Camoflague
• Counter shading
• Disruptive colourations
• Warning

Question 10

Molting patterns

Answer 10

post-juvenile
annual molt
seasonal molt

Question 11

what skin layer are integument glands in?

Answer 11

epidermal region

Question 12

What are the three integument glands

Answer 12

1. Sebaceous
   - waterproofs and lubricates skin and hair
2. Eccrine
   - not associated with hair
   - only function @ birth
   - thermoregulatory
3. Aprocrine
   - chemical signal
   - thick and associated with hair
   - function @ puberty

Question 13

What are scent glands modified from?

Answer 13

apocrine or sebaceous glands

Question 14

functions of scent glands?

Answer 14

alarm
mating
kin recognition

Question 15

what type of gland are mammary glands?

how many?

what sex?

Answer 15

specialized epidermal glands
modified apocrine-like glands

vary in number across species

only function in F, except one spp of bat

Question 16

when did suckling evolve?

Answer 16

after divergence of monotremes

Question 17

2 types of claws

how do they differ?

Answer 17

unguis
- heavily keratinized
-dorsal
subungis
- ventral side
-softer
- more primitive

Question 18

nails are modified ___

Answer 18

claws

Question 19

hooves are modified ____

Answer 19

claws

Question 20

description of hooves

Answer 20

thickened unglues surrounding subunguis
reduction of digits
adapted for locomotion

Question 21

horns and antlers are only found in ____

Answer 21

ungulates

Question 22

true horns are found in the family ____

Answer 22

Bovidae

Question 23

Description of true horns

Answer 23

inner bone covered by keratinized sheath
continuous growth
unbranched
never shed
both sexes

Question 24

enters are found in what family?

Answer 24

cervidae

Question 25

description of antlers

Answer 25

``` entirely bone covered by velvet during growth only males (usually) shed after mating grown each year ```

Question 26

what are functions of antlers?

Answer 26

male/male competition female choice don't necessarily use for own survival

Question 27

Describe a rhino "horn"

Answer 27

keratinized, agglutinated epidermal cells

Question 28

Describe a giraffe "horn"

Answer 28

bone fused projection covered in hair both sexes not homologous

Question 29

purpose of atlas

Answer 29

supports, flexes and extends the head

Question 30

purpose of the axis

Answer 30

rotation of the head at the neck

Question 31

Define saltatorial | example?

Answer 31

large hind limbs and shorted forelimbs long counter balancing tail stiffening of spine macropodidae lemuridae heteromyidae dipodidae

Question 32

Amulatory | Cursorial

Answer 32

walking | running

Question 33

2 methods of increasing speed with amulatory/cursorial locomotion

Answer 33

increase stride length | increase stride rate

Question 34

how to increase maneuverability with amulatory/cursorial locomotion

Answer 34

alter gait turn body when in air smaller/lighter mammal more agile

Question 35

Define scansorial | example?

Answer 35

``` climbing long forelimbs grasping hands stout pectoral girdle friction pads claws ``` porcupines squirrels

Question 36

Swimming

Answer 36

``` large bodies front limbs = flippers hind limbs = vestigial or flippers tails = horizontal fluke axial skeleton modified -reduction in total cervical vert -fusion of atlas and axis ```

Question 37

Gliding

Answer 37

evolved several times - rodents and flying squirrels - flight membrane between front and hind limbs - functions to control fall

Question 38

True flight

Answer 38

evolved multiple times but only once in mammals - skin membranes between digits - airfoil

Question 39

bats are slow flyers - how is this dealt with?

Answer 39

``` increase curvature of wing change angle of wing to windstream change wing shape and size -wing loading -aspect ratio (length/width) ```

Question 40

low aspect wing

Answer 40

broader = better maneuverability

Question 41

high aspect wing

Answer 41

long/thin = fast