wildlife and PH & emerging diseases Flashcards
what is public health
organized efforts of society to prevent human disease, prolong life and promote human health
determinants of health
physical, social and economic environments and lifestyle&behavior
two most important determinants of your health
income and education
two most important determinants of your health
income and education
4 domains of public health outcomes
improving wider determinants of health, health improvement, health protection, health care (public health and preventing premature mortality)
health protection includes
environmental health, occupational health and infectious diseases
why are emerging infections occurring from wildlife now?
“edge” effect, detection bias and new vulnerability hypothesis
what is the edge effect
increased interfaces between people, domestic animals and wildlife; allow for epidemiological connections
what actions are causing the edge effect
globalization, deforestation, suburbanization, food choices
what does detection bias mean
new technologies allow for molecular epidemiology for source tracing
what is the new vulnerability hypothesis
ecosystem changes affecting wildlife susceptibility and exposure
what can we do to prevent emerging disease
sentinels for new pathogens (surveillance and monitoring), risk assessment and communication (where and when we should worry), controlling disease at the source
what are mammalian portals of entry and exit
CNS, circulatory system, skin, urinary system, anus, genital system, mammary gland, alimentary system, respiratory system, nares, mouth, conjunctiva (PROTECT YOUR HOLES)
how do you control disease at the source with wildlife emerging diseases
manage human-wildlife interactions, maintain vibrant biodiversity and reducing their vulnerability, general precautions
endemic wildlife disease bite example
rabies
endemic wildlife diseases involving alimentary tract
trichinella (food), giardia, tularemia and toxoplasma (water), baylisascaris (hygiene)
excluding HIV, what is the emerging disease with the most impact
lyme disease
endemic wildlife diseases involving transmission by conjunctiva or nares
tularemia or influenza
endemic wildlife diseases involving vector transmission
WNV, lyme disease, rickettsia, babesia, tularemia, ehrlichia, plague
what processes lead to the spread of lyme disease
turkeys used to run throughout the east; cut down all the trees on the eastern sea board, reforested with trees from Ohio, trees were better for deer population, THEN suburbinization lead to closer contact between deer and people
endemic wildlife disease examples transmitted via air
hantavirus, influenza, tularemia
endemic wildlife disease that has in utero effects
toxoplasma
general advice for endemic disease
W.A.S.H
general advice for endemic disease
W.A.S.H
W.A.S.H. stands for
WASH (good hygiene); AVOID (provoke bites, feces, lesions in game meat, vectors); use SAFELY (food, water, handling and habitat interactions); be HEALTHY (immunocompromised, keep wildlife healthy)
what can you track to tell whether it will be a bad lyme disease year
acorn levels (lots of acorns = lots of mice = ticks inhabit them —— not many acorns == not many mice = ticks look for other host, human)
definition of hazard
biologic, chemical or physical agent or condition with potential to cause an adverse health effect
definition of risk
likelihood of identified hazards causing harm in exposed populations in a specific time frame including severity of consequences
risk calculation
chance X hazard X exposure X consequence
health improvement domain includes
global health, psychosocial health, health education, impact of wider determinants & international perspective
what has shown a causal link with human health
environment and ecosystem
why is nature not necessarily pristine and plentiful
pathogens and parasites are endemic; contaminants are prevalent
problems with harvesting wild meat
decreasing knowledge on safe harvest, no quality assurance
problems with harvesting wild meat
decreasing knowledge on safe harvest, no quality assurance
why are we concerned about emerging diseases now?
caught us by surprise, cost a lot of money, created public feat, created political pressure to respond
definition of emerging disease
appearing for first time in a population, existed but is rapidly increasing in prevalence or geographic range, disease that has expanded host range, change in virulence or resistance, caused by a newly discovered agent
what is most EID work focused on
find it rapidly and predict it
what is most EID work focused on
find it rapidly and predict it
4 main domains of emergency management
prevention, preparedness, response and recovery
elements of preparedness includes
biomedical systems, resilient communities, communication systms
biomedical systems can be prepared by
preventing entry (biosecurity), finding and containing early (surveillance and response plans)
what makes up a resilient community
enhanced innate and acquired immunity
what are communication systems for
public awareness and coordinated planning
requirements for enhanced immunity
access to veterinary services, education and support for animal husbandry/care, vaccine production and evaluation, contingency plans for new vaccines, plans for vaccine distribution, adverse event surveillance
targets for response to emerging disease
find and reduce infectious animals; stop spread; protect susceptible
important epidemiological model
C is proportional to E x S (C is the number of cases; E is the probability of effective exposure; S is the proportion of the population susceptible
how do you respond to an outbreak (3 basic things)
find the cases, reduce exposure, reduce susceptibility
4 categories of surprise
knowable in retrospect but ELUDE DETECTION; FAIL TO RECOGNIZE actionable signal or not able to RESPOND despite warning; UNANTICIPATED consequences of socio-ecological interactions; previously INCONCEIVABLE events
example of EID that was knowable in retrospect
bat associated disease (SARS, nipha, hendra)
example of EID that we failed to recognize/were unable to respond
WNV in NY
example of unanticipated consequence of socio-ecological interactions
ebola and EU fishing policy
example of EID that had unanticipated consequence of socio-ecological interactions
ebola and EU fishing policy
example of EID that was previously inconceivable
prions
why is poverty and infection inter-related
poor education, sociocultural disadvantage, gender discrimination
what are the 8 millennium development goals
eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; achieve universal primary education; promote gender equality and empower women; reduce child mortality; improve maternal health; combat AID/HIV, malaria and other disease; ensure environmental sustainability; global partnership for development
how can animals improve maternal and child health
adding animal protein to diet; animals can help work; animals provide income for health care
how can adding animals improve profit
adding fish into livestock production increases production/acre –> more profit
what is needed to add fish into livestock production
integrated health management and education on how to rear the new species
what are the benefits of ornamental fish farms
reduce capture of wild fish for pet trade; positive effect on income
what are the negative impacts of ornamental fish farms
inappropriate drug and chemical use, release of wastes and release of pathogens
how can adding goats achieve education goals in Kenya
the wife’s access to income from small ruminants allows her to pay for children’s books and school uniforms
