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Veterinary Public Health > antimicrobial resistance&water > Flashcards

antimicrobial resistance&water Flashcards

1
Q

when did Fleming discover penicillin

A

1928

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2
Q

when were sulfonamides introduced and by who

A

1935; ehrlich

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3
Q

when was MRSA first noted

A

1968

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4
Q

what are some resistant bacteria

A

multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis; penicillin resistant stretococcus pneumoniae; vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE); carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaciae (CRE)

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5
Q

what are the 4 important principles of antimicrobial resistance

A
  1. antimicrobial use SELECTS for resistant populations; 2. organisms resistant to one antimicrobial often become resistant to MULTIPLE drugs; 3. antimicrobial resistance in one area will eventually appear in OTHER areas; 4. once antimicrobial resistance appears, it is UNLIKELY to decline spontaneously
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6
Q

what are the 2 main issues for antimicrobial resistance

A

preservation of antimicrobials for human medicine/health; preservation of antimicrobials for vet med and animal health

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7
Q

what is the driving force for antimicrobial resistance

A

imprudent use of antimicrobials

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8
Q

what is imprudent use of antimicrobials

A

use of antimicrobials when not needed; use of wrong antimicrobial; use of broadspectrum antimicrobial when a narrowspectrum will work; wrong dosage or dosing interval

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9
Q

what is imprudent use of antimicrobials

A

use of antimicrobials when not needed; use of wrong antimicrobial; use of broadspectrum antimicrobial when a narrowspectrum will work; wrong dosage or dosing interval

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10
Q

4 uses of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine

A

therapy, metaphylaxis, prophylaxis, growth promotion/feed efficiency

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11
Q

what does therapy consist of

A

injection, in-feed, in-water, individual or group

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12
Q

what does metaphylaxis consist of

A

same as therapy but is done when one animal is sick to pre-emptively treat the others

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13
Q

what does prophylaxis consist of

A

in-feed, GROUP; treating entire group pre-emptively

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14
Q

which obligations must veterinarians balance?

A

oath to protect animal health and promote public health at the same time

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15
Q

which obligations must veterinarians balance?

A

oath to protect animal health and promote public health at the same time

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16
Q

what are current activities for reducing AMR

A

chief veterinary officers (prescription only, surveillance/data collection), senate hearings, user pay initiatives, phasing out growth promotants, targeted reduction of use

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17
Q

what is the Canadian experience with emerging antimicrobial resistance

A

salmonella heidelberg resistant to 3rd generation ceftiofur

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18
Q

why is S. heidelberg resistance a problem

A

frequent pathogen in humans that can be invasive (causing sepsis); limited treatment options for children and pregnant women

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19
Q

why are the treatment options limited for children and pregnant women if they are infected with ceftiofur resistant S. heidelberg

A

can’t use fluoroquinolones in them

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20
Q

what is one of the single biggest drivers of infectious disease

A

water quality

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21
Q

what types of diseases are related to water

A

water-borne, water-washed, water-based, water-vector/related

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22
Q

water-borne diseases

A

disease caused by ingestion of water contaminated by human or animal excrement that contains pathogenic organisms

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23
Q

water-washed diseases

A

disease caused by poor personal hygiene, skin and eye contact with contaminated water

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24
Q

water-based diseases

A

disease caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living in contaminated water

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25
Q

water-vector/related diseases

A

disease caused by insect vectors that breed or feed near contaminated water

26
Q

some important water-borne pathogens

A

E. coli, campylobacter, vibrio cholera, cryptosporidium

27
Q

factors in re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens

A

changing patterns of water use, population factors, increased travel/recreational activities, water scarcity, climate change, severe weather events, conflicts/disasters, increased urbinization, increased demand for animal protein and fresh vegetables, increased antibiotic use, increasingly concentrated animal husbandry practices, density of domestic pets, international trade patterns, ecosystem disturbance

28
Q

factors in re-emergence of zoonotic pathogens

A

changing patterns of water use, population factors, increased travel/recreational activities, water scarcity, climate change, severe weather events, conflicts/disasters, increased urbinization, increased demand for animal protein and fresh vegetables, increased antibiotic use, increasingly concentrated animal husbandry practices, density of domestic pets, international trade patterns, ecosystem disturbance

29
Q

what was the water contaminated with in Walkerton

A

E.coli (VTEC) and campylobacter

30
Q

what is pulsenet canada used for

A

food and waterborne disease outbreaks

31
Q

how long can E. coli 0157 survive in soil

A

56-130 days

32
Q

how long does E. coli 0157 survive in a slurry of manure

A

10 days

33
Q

how can you minimize risk from animal waste

A

farm biosecurity; vaccination; waste treatment before release

34
Q

what are examples of waste treatment that can be done on farm

A

composting, air drying, lagoon/storage, digestion (anaerobic or aerobic)

35
Q

what are examples of waste treatment that can be done on farm

A

composting, air drying, lagoon/storage, digestion (anaerobic or aerobic)

36
Q

how is cryptosporidium parvum (bovine) transmitted

A

from human to cattle and cattle to human

37
Q

how is cryptosporidium hominus transmitted

A

human to human (NOT human to cattle)

38
Q

how is cryptosporidium spread

A

water contaminated with feces of infected person or animal feces; contact with infected person

39
Q

what is the primary means to remove cryptosporidium from water

A

physical removal by filtration

40
Q

why can cryptosporidium only be removed by physical filtration

A

oocysts are resistant to chemical disinfection

41
Q

why can cryptosporidium only be removed by physical filtration

A

oocysts are resistant to chemical disinfection

42
Q

what does cryptosporidium cause

A

asymptomatic infections and symptomatic infection (profuse watery diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain)

43
Q

how long does cryptosporidiosis last

A

self-limiting and usually lasts 3-4 days (no longer than 30d)

44
Q

infective dose of cryptosporidium

A

10 oocysts

45
Q

when are crypto oocysts infectious

A

immediately upon excretion

46
Q

when does shedding of crypto oocysts stop

A

usually 2 weeks after symptoms end

47
Q

how long do crypto oocysts remain infective outside the body

A

2 to 6 months in a moist environment

48
Q

most common sources of crypto infection

A

recreational water (ex. water parks), contact with livestock, drinking water, and person to person transmission

49
Q

factors that contribute to risks of crypto water-borne outbreaks

A

small oocyst size, wide range of host specificity, close associations between animals/humans, large numbers of oocysts excreted, low infective dose, oocyst resistance to chlorine, infectious upon excretion

50
Q

what are characteristics of water-borne outbreaks

A

high proportion of population affected, illness experienced through all age groups, affected persons have epidemiological link to one community/water source

51
Q

general water-outbreak causes

A

inadequate disinfection, cross-connections, inadequate control over treatment process (esp. filtration), interruption in treatment, disruption in service, infiltration of polluted water/sewage

52
Q

general water-outbreak causes

A

inadequate disinfection, cross-connections, inadequate control over treatment process (esp. filtration), interruption in treatment, disruption in service, infiltration of polluted water/sewage

53
Q

information for waterborne outbreak investigation

A

water plant process monitoring data, public health and clinical lab results, physician visits for gastroenteritis, school/daycare absences, nursing home diarrheal rates, sales of anti-diarrheal drugs

54
Q

what is the indicator organism used for water testing

A

E. coli

55
Q

why is E. coli used as an indicator organism

A

present in large numbers in mammal feces, readily detectable, doesn’t grown in natural water, persistence and removal from water are similar to other pathogens

56
Q

criteria for water testing

A

E. coli must not be detectable in any 100mL sample

57
Q

what does water testing frequency depend on

A

population size

58
Q

what indicator organism is used in marine water

A

enterococci

59
Q

what indicator organism is used in marine water

A

enterococci

60
Q

which infectious organisms are not routinely tested for

A

giardia and crypto

Veterinary Public Health (9 decks)

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