Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Veterinary Public Health > veterinary drug residues and food safety > Flashcards

veterinary drug residues and food safety Flashcards

1
Q

what is clenbuterol classified as

A

B1 and B2 agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do B1 and B2 agonists cause

A

tachycardia, bronchodilation, tocolytic, repartitioning agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the concern to people with chloramphenicol residues

A

aplastic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the concernt o people with diethystilbestrol residues

A

bone marrow toxicity and carcinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the concern to people with metronidazole residues

A

carcinogen and teratogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the concern to people with nitrofurazone residues

A

carcinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the concern to people with phenylbutazone residues

A

blood dyscrasias, possible carcinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the concern to people with sulfonamide residues

A

hypersensitivity and thyroid tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the concernt o people with penicillin residues

A

hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the concerns regarding antimicrobial use in food animals

A

resistance in both target bacteria and in commensal bacteria (enteric), changes in food animal normal flora (increased enteric pathogens), drug residues that can effect human enteric flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is antibiotic resistance in commensal enteric bacteria of food animals a concern

A

those bacteria can spread to people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which enteric commensal bacteria are we concerned about resistance occuring in

A

E. coli, salmonella, campylobacter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

who does the veterinary drugs directorate work under

A

health products and food branch of health canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the VDDs function

A

approve drugs for veterinary use in Canada (does not regulate drug use) and performs human health risk assessments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the CFIAs role in veterinary drugs

A

tests for drug residues in food and approves biologics (vaccines, antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what legislation does inappropriate drug use fall under

A

provincial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is involve in the pre-market approval of veterinary drugs

A

human safety, clinical efficacy, safety in intended species, safety to environment, manufacturing/quality control, labelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is involved in looking at human safety of food animal drugs

A

toxicology and pharmacology, microbiology, drug residues and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

who takes care of examing drugs for quality control

A

analytical chemists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is done to measure clinical efficacy and safety in intended species for a drug

A

clinical evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what 3 types of studies are done to evaluate tox/pharm regarding human safety of a food animal drug

A

subchronic toxicity studies; chronic oral toxicity studies; special studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what species are used for subchronic toxicity studies

A

2 species of lab animals; one rodent (rat) and one non-rodent (rabbit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how is the drug administered in subchronic toxicity studies and why

A

orally (because people will be ingesting residues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how is the drug administered in subchronic toxicity studies and why

A

orally (because people will be ingesting residues)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how long do subchronic toxicity studies last

A

3-12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how many different dose groups are used for subchronic toxicity studies

A

low, medium and high (3)

27
Q

minimum number of animals for subchronic toxicity studies

A

20 (10 of each sex) per group

28
Q

what are chronic oral toxicity studies

A

same as subchronic but longer – 12 months up to 2 years

29
Q

what are examples of special studies

A

carcinogenicity, reproductive and teratogenicity studies; genetic toxicity (mutagenicity) tests, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and endocrine changes

30
Q

what do carcinogenicity tests look for

A

increased incidence of tumors; required if drug is a suspected carcinogen or if chronic toxicity studies show histopathology

31
Q

what methods of testing do special studies use

A

lab animals or in vitro tests

32
Q

what do reproductive studies look for

A

if the drug causes spermatogenesis/estrus cycling/conception/parturition problems

33
Q

what do teratogenicity studies look for

A

if the drug affects fetal development

34
Q

how are genetic toxicity studies done

A

in vitro to look for DNA damage

35
Q

when will immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity or endocrine studies be required

A

depends on family of drug, structure and relationship

36
Q

what areas are evaluated regarding microbiology of food animal drugs (specifically antimicrobials)

A

spectrum of activity (MIC), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), effect on target species gut flora, effect on human gut flora

37
Q

what pathogens are considered regarding antimicrobial spectrum of activity

A

target animal pathogens, food-borne pathogens and commensal bacteria (esp. with oral antimicrobials)

38
Q

what areas are looked at when evaluating AMR

A

mechanism of AMR, mechanism of AMR transfer, rates of AMR development, cross-resistance to other antimicrobials

39
Q

what areas are looked at when evaluating effect on target species gut flora of antimicrobials

A

do zoonotic pathogens increase, are there changes in fecal shedding (enteric flora changes are usually transient)

40
Q

what areas are evaluated regarding microbiology of food animal drugs (specifically antimicrobials)

A

spectrum of activity (MIC), antimicrobial resistance (AMR), effect on target species gut flora, effect on human gut flora, impact on human medicine

41
Q

what areas are looked at when evaluating effect on target species gut flora of antimicrobials

A

do zoonotic pathogens increase, are there changes in fecal shedding (enteric flora changes are usually transient)

42
Q

what is looked at when evaluating effect of food animal antimicrobial on human gut flora

A

do residues of drug in food cause changes in human gut flora; if so, what concentration of drug is required

43
Q

what is the concern regarding impact on human medicine with antimicrobials

A

if AMR to this drug would directly effect human medicine

44
Q

what does acceptable daily intake mean (ADI)

A

amount of drug that can be consumed by a human over a lifetime (every day for whole life) with no adverse effects

45
Q

how is ADI determined

A

toxicology and microbiology data

46
Q

what is the “no observable effect level” (NOEL)

A

highest dose in the most susceptible species that does not cause any adverse effects

47
Q

toxicological ADI

A

= NOEL/safety factor

48
Q

what is the usual safety factor

A

100 (10x for intra species variability and 10x for inter species variability)

49
Q

what is the safety factor if there are special toxicity concerns

A

can be up to 1000x

50
Q

when is the microbiological ADI used

A

for antimicrobials only

51
Q

what is the microbiological ADI

A

must be lower than the lowest concentration of drug that can cause changes in human gut flora (can be lower than toxicological ADI)

52
Q

what does maximum residue limit determine (MRL)

A

how much drug residue is allowed in food (maximum amount of drug marker residue allowed in tissue)

53
Q

how is MRL determined

A

by the total residue limit allowed

54
Q

what is the calculation for total residue limit

A

ADI/food consumption factor

55
Q

what can the marker residue be

A

either parent compound or metabolite (or combination)

56
Q

what are withdrawal periods

A

period of time from last treatment until an animal can be slaughtered or milk/eggs used for consumption

57
Q

who determines withdrawal periods and how

A

determined by the Drug Residues and Metabolism team using MRLs

58
Q

what does the withdrawal period equal

A

amount of time for marker residue concentration in the 99th percentile (slowest) animal treated with the drug to fall below the MRL

59
Q

what does the withdrawal period equal

A

amount of time for marker residue concentration in the 99th percentile (slowest) animal treated with the drug to fall below the MRL

60
Q

the withdrawal period is exceptionally conservative if what occurs

A

drug label is followed (proper species, dose, route, health status)

61
Q

what makes a carcass a “suspect” carcass to be tested for residues

A

injection site lesions, evidence of pathology or illness

62
Q

what are processing plants residue limits for milk

A

if they can detect it, it’s not acceptable (even if residue is BELOW the MRL) – processing plants set different standards

63
Q

what safety factors are applied to determining the MRL

A

minimum of 100X safety factor for calculating ADI and very high food consumption values assumed

Veterinary Public Health (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions