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History > Widening of the Cold War > Flashcards

Widening of the Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

What was SCAP?

A

Supreme Command of Allied Powers

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2
Q

Who led SCAP?

A

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

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3
Q

What was the Dodge Line?

A

Japanese economic reform by Joseph Dodge, Financial Advisor to SCAP. E.g, Osborne on steroids

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4
Q

4 goals of the Dodge Line?

A
  • A single foreign exchange rate. 360 yen to the dollar
  • Decreasing government intervention in economy (subsidies, price controls)
  • Establishing the U.S. Aid Counterpart Fund
  • Reducing government spending ($12 bn)
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5
Q

When did Japan join UN?

A

18th December 1956

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6
Q

When did Japan join IMF and World Bank?

A

August 1952

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7
Q

When did Hirohito surrender?

A

2nd Sept 1945

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8
Q

When were atomic bombs dropped?

A

August 6th and 9th 45

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9
Q

When did USSR declare war on Japan?

A

August 9th

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10
Q

When was the SFPT?

A

8th September 1951

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11
Q

Who refused to sign SFPT?

A

USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia

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12
Q

What did the SFPT not restrict?

A

Japan’s economy, future political orientation, or rearmament.

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13
Q

What did Japan cede to the US in the US-Japan Security Treaty?

A

Unrestricted use of military bases and total administrative control over Okinawa. Also gave US right to veto any Japanese plans for oversea bases.

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14
Q

Why did the US decide Japan needed to be rearmed?

A

China - USSR alliance in February 1950 and the onset of the Korean War

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15
Q

August 1953 size of Japanse National Safety Agency

A

110,000 ground troops and 7,590 maritime

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16
Q

What was Reverse Course?

A

Recovery instead of punishment. 19 suspected A class war criminals released. Heavy crack down on suspected communist sympathisers. Relaxation of some restrictions.

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17
Q

What did Japan renounce in the SFPT?

A

Its claims on any neighbouring territories including Taiwan and Korea.

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18
Q

What was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

A

An international agreement to assist with minimising international trade tariffs.

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19
Q

What was the limit on the Japanese military?

A

140,000

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20
Q

When was USSR-China military alliance formed?

A

February 1950

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21
Q

Why did Stalin collaborate with Chinese nationalists?

A

Early - thought CCP too weak to defeat nationalists and nationalists too weak to threaten Soviet interests.
Later - preferred weak Nationalist China willing to co-operate than communist that followed different pattern than Soviets.

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22
Q

Terms of Stalin-Jieshi agreement

A

Nationalists recognised Mongolian independence and accepted Soviet acquisition of Tsarist lands. Stalin promised to withdraw from China three months after the defeat of Japan.

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23
Q

How many USSR troops in China during WW2?

A

1.5 million vs Japanese. Redistributed confiscated weapons to CCP.

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24
Q

What did the US send to China when civil war resumed?

A

Troops (e.g. 53,000 marines to Beijing) and advisors. Marshall sent to mediate talks - failed.

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25
Q

US arms to China

A

Worth $900 million but sold for $175 million.

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26
Q

What did the USSR do to help CCP in northern China during civil war?

A

Withdrew from Manchuria to give them stronghold.

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27
Q

When did CCP win the civil war?

A

October 1949

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28
Q

How many fled to Taiwan?

A

2 million

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29
Q

When did the USSR recognise the PRC?

A

2nd October 1949

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30
Q

What did the ROC retain despite civil war defeat?

A

A permanent seat at the UN security council.

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31
Q

Who persuaded Truman not to recognise PRC?

A

The Taiwan China Lobby

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32
Q

What did Acheson claim in the China White Paper?

A

“The ominous result of the Civil War in China was beyond the control of the government of the United States”

33
Q

When was the China White Paper published?

A

August 1949

34
Q

Why did the US state department write the China White Paper?

A

To quiet opposition emerging from the 1948 election campaign that Truman lost China.

35
Q

How much of US equipment in China was ‘lost’?

A

80% - 75% fell into CCP hands.

36
Q

When did Soviet troops enter Korea?

A

12th August 1945

37
Q

What was the Korean dividing line?

A

The 38th parallel (suggested by Truman - official story, in reality 2 young US officers arbitrarily drew it).

38
Q

By what year had partisan warfare enveloped South Korea?

A

1948

39
Q

Famous protester repression event in North Korea.

A

Sinuiji Incident - 23rd November 1945. Protesting students gunned down by Red Army and Koreans. Hundreds injured, dozens killed.

40
Q

Aftermath of Sinjuiju Incident

A

Kim Il Sung visited and denounced the “rogues” responsible. However, then implemented harsher repression.

41
Q

Who fled North Korea mainly?

A

Christians and land owners.

42
Q

What did the US Army do in the North prior to the Korean War?

A

Organised paramilitary commando sabotage missions - factor in war breaking out.

43
Q

When did Korean War officially begin?

A

June 25th 1950

44
Q

How many nations supplied troops to UN forces in Korea?

A

Sixteen

45
Q

Why were the USSR boycotting the UN?

A

Over the issue of China seating at security council.

46
Q

How many refugees created by Korean War?

A

6-7 million

47
Q

US and North Korea’s rice supply

A

The US deliberately bombed irrigation dams to destroy 75% of the North’s rice supply. Contravened Geneva convention.

48
Q

When was the Geneva Convention?

A

1949

49
Q

How many US soldiers died in Korea?

A

36,500

50
Q

What historian claims the outbreak of Korean War was inevitable once US backed Rhee?

A

Bruce Cumings

51
Q

How did Rhee weaponise international ideological conflict?

A

Condemned all opponents to his regime as communists. Brought him support from US.

52
Q

What opposition figure could the US have supported in South Korea and avoided war?

A

Yo Un-Hyong. Had led provisional government. Wanted peaceful reuinfication. Social democrat/liberal-nationalist ideas. Willing to work with communists. Wanted a unity government. Popular!

53
Q

What was the Far Eastern Economic Assistance Act (in relation to Korea)?

A

February 1950. Immediate termination of US aid if a single communist-linked politician joined a coalition government or if any North Korean official collaborated with the ROK gov.

54
Q

What did Acheson reject in December 1950?

A

A peace proposal from North Korea through Chinese in return for negotiations over Formosa. Unwilling to engage in diplomacy.

55
Q

What % of South Korea was conquered by August 1950?

A

90%

56
Q

How did Japan MAYBE break international agreements in relation to Korea?

A

Provided SK with military assistance. E.g, minesweepers to clear Inchon harbour ahead of UN invasion and naval vessels.

57
Q

Why did the US propose 38th parallel divide?

A

Soviet troops already on Korean border and US 600 miles away.

58
Q

Why, assumedly, did Stalin accept Korea proposal?

A

Expectation of concessions elsewhere.

59
Q

Southeast Asia natural resources facts

A

5/6 world’s rubber, 1/2 of tin, 2/3 coconut, 1/3 palm oil.

60
Q

Prominent US senators supporting Asia rollback.

A

Robert Taft and Kenneth Wherry

61
Q

Why did Taft and Wherry support rollback?

A

US could extract minerals and profit. Wanted to spread US ideals too.

62
Q

January 1947 Marshall Korea/Japan suggestion

A

Note to Acheson saying South Korean and Japanese economies needed connecting.

63
Q

USSR main interests in North Korea

A

Warm water port access and buffer against Japan.

64
Q

In 1945 what % of Korean industry was owned by Japanese interests?

A

90

65
Q

North Korean aquisition of industry.

A

August 45 - Februrary 46, USSR exported materials as a war prize. Then, the People’s Committees were established.

66
Q

What was impressive about DPRK land reform?

A

Very bloodless. According to US army intelligence it made 70% peasants ardent supporters of the regime.

67
Q

Where did the DPRK have elections?

A

At the local level. High participation and excitement. Seemed democratic. Kim did refuse UN supervised national elections.

68
Q

What did Kim call for nationwide?

A

Free elections once unifcation occured and left wing parties were legalised in south.

69
Q

Estimates of communist support in Korea before war.

A

North - 80%
South - 65-70%

70
Q

What went wrong with the July 1948 Korean elections?

A

Kim refused them.
Many SKs boycotted because they thought seperate elections would divide Korea more.
State violence and climate of terrorism.

71
Q

When was ROK established?

A

August 15th 1948

72
Q

What did Rhee refuse in August 1948?

A

Power sharing proposals to unify country.

73
Q

Rhee US friendly economic policies

A

Entrenched status quo. Inequality grew. Signed secret agreements to export rice to Japan and allow US businesses to exploit mines (guarded by US troops).

74
Q

Fist major protest against Rhee regime

A

Rhee decided to (with US backing) keep Japanese trained military leaders and police officers. Very widespread. Industrial sabotage, strikes.

75
Q

How did Rhee respond to protest?

A

Built up security forces and with assistace from American Military Government tried to eliminate opposition.

76
Q

ROK 1946 revolts

A

October. Police abuse and wage controls. Riots. Responded to by martial law and thousands arrested. 40 sentenced to death.

77
Q

How did the US respond to 1946 ROK revolts?

A

Blamed it on “outside agitators” and called in troops. Set up concentration camps.

78
Q

Short quotes from director of US army dept. transporation about 1946 revolts in ROK

A

“battle mentality”, “didn’t have to worry if innocent people got hurt”, “it was war”

79
Q

How many in prison mid-1947 ROK?

A

22,000 - double than under Japanese

History (9 decks)

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