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Widening of the Cold War Flashcards

1
Q

What was SCAP?

A

Supreme Command of Allied Powers

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2
Q

Who led SCAP?

A

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

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3
Q

What was the Dodge Line?

A

Japanese economic reform by Joseph Dodge, Financial Advisor to SCAP. E.g, Osborne on steroids

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4
Q

4 goals of the Dodge Line?

A
  • A single foreign exchange rate. 360 yen to the dollar
  • Decreasing government intervention in economy (subsidies, price controls)
  • Establishing the U.S. Aid Counterpart Fund
  • Reducing government spending ($12 bn)
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5
Q

When did Japan join UN?

A

18th December 1956

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6
Q

When did Japan join IMF and World Bank?

A

August 1952

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7
Q

When did Hirohito surrender?

A

2nd Sept 1945

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8
Q

When were atomic bombs dropped?

A

August 6th and 9th 45

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9
Q

When did USSR declare war on Japan?

A

August 9th

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10
Q

When was the SFPT?

A

8th September 1951

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11
Q

Who refused to sign SFPT?

A

USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia

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12
Q

What did the SFPT not restrict?

A

Japan’s economy, future political orientation, or rearmament.

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13
Q

What did Japan cede to the US in the US-Japan Security Treaty?

A

Unrestricted use of military bases and total administrative control over Okinawa. Also gave US right to veto any Japanese plans for oversea bases.

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14
Q

Why did the US decide Japan needed to be rearmed?

A

China - USSR alliance in February 1950 and the onset of the Korean War

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15
Q

August 1953 size of Japanse National Safety Agency

A

110,000 ground troops and 7,590 maritime

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16
Q

What was Reverse Course?

A

Recovery instead of punishment. 19 suspected A class war criminals released. Heavy crack down on suspected communist sympathisers. Relaxation of some restrictions.

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17
Q

What did Japan renounce in the SFPT?

A

Its claims on any neighbouring territories including Taiwan and Korea.

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18
Q

What was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade?

A

An international agreement to assist with minimising international trade tariffs.

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19
Q

What was the limit on the Japanese military?

A

140,000

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20
Q

When was USSR-China military alliance formed?

A

February 1950

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21
Q

Why did Stalin collaborate with Chinese nationalists?

A

Early - thought CCP too weak to defeat nationalists and nationalists too weak to threaten Soviet interests.
Later - preferred weak Nationalist China willing to co-operate than communist that followed different pattern than Soviets.

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22
Q

Terms of Stalin-Jieshi agreement

A

Nationalists recognised Mongolian independence and accepted Soviet acquisition of Tsarist lands. Stalin promised to withdraw from China three months after the defeat of Japan.

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23
Q

How many USSR troops in China during WW2?

A

1.5 million vs Japanese. Redistributed confiscated weapons to CCP.

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24
Q

What did the US send to China when civil war resumed?

A

Troops (e.g. 53,000 marines to Beijing) and advisors. Marshall sent to mediate talks - failed.

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25
US arms to China
Worth $900 million but sold for $175 million.
26
What did the USSR do to help CCP in northern China during civil war?
Withdrew from Manchuria to give them stronghold.
27
When did CCP win the civil war?
October 1949
28
How many fled to Taiwan?
2 million
29
When did the USSR recognise the PRC?
2nd October 1949
30
What did the ROC retain despite civil war defeat?
A permanent seat at the UN security council.
31
Who persuaded Truman not to recognise PRC?
The Taiwan China Lobby
32
What did Acheson claim in the China White Paper?
"The ominous result of the Civil War in China was beyond the control of the government of the United States"
33
When was the China White Paper published?
August 1949
34
Why did the US state department write the China White Paper?
To quiet opposition emerging from the 1948 election campaign that Truman lost China.
35
How much of US equipment in China was 'lost'?
80% - 75% fell into CCP hands.
36
When did Soviet troops enter Korea?
12th August 1945
37
What was the Korean dividing line?
The 38th parallel (suggested by Truman - official story, in reality 2 young US officers arbitrarily drew it).
38
By what year had partisan warfare enveloped South Korea?
1948
39
Famous protester repression event in North Korea.
Sinuiji Incident - 23rd November 1945. Protesting students gunned down by Red Army and Koreans. Hundreds injured, dozens killed.
40
Aftermath of Sinjuiju Incident
Kim Il Sung visited and denounced the "rogues" responsible. However, then implemented harsher repression.
41
Who fled North Korea mainly?
Christians and land owners.
42
What did the US Army do in the North prior to the Korean War?
Organised paramilitary commando sabotage missions - factor in war breaking out.
43
When did Korean War officially begin?
June 25th 1950
44
How many nations supplied troops to UN forces in Korea?
Sixteen
45
Why were the USSR boycotting the UN?
Over the issue of China seating at security council.
46
How many refugees created by Korean War?
6-7 million
47
US and North Korea's rice supply
The US deliberately bombed irrigation dams to destroy 75% of the North's rice supply. Contravened Geneva convention.
48
When was the Geneva Convention?
1949
49
How many US soldiers died in Korea?
36,500
50
What historian claims the outbreak of Korean War was inevitable once US backed Rhee?
Bruce Cumings
51
How did Rhee weaponise international ideological conflict?
Condemned all opponents to his regime as communists. Brought him support from US.
52
What opposition figure could the US have supported in South Korea and avoided war?
Yo Un-Hyong. Had led provisional government. Wanted peaceful reuinfication. Social democrat/liberal-nationalist ideas. Willing to work with communists. Wanted a unity government. Popular!
53
What was the Far Eastern Economic Assistance Act (in relation to Korea)?
February 1950. Immediate termination of US aid if a single communist-linked politician joined a coalition government or if any North Korean official collaborated with the ROK gov.
54
What did Acheson reject in December 1950?
A peace proposal from North Korea through Chinese in return for negotiations over Formosa. Unwilling to engage in diplomacy.
55
What % of South Korea was conquered by August 1950?
90%
56
How did Japan MAYBE break international agreements in relation to Korea?
Provided SK with military assistance. E.g, minesweepers to clear Inchon harbour ahead of UN invasion and naval vessels.
57
Why did the US propose 38th parallel divide?
Soviet troops already on Korean border and US 600 miles away.
58
Why, assumedly, did Stalin accept Korea proposal?
Expectation of concessions elsewhere.
59
Southeast Asia natural resources facts
5/6 world's rubber, 1/2 of tin, 2/3 coconut, 1/3 palm oil.
60
Prominent US senators supporting Asia rollback.
Robert Taft and Kenneth Wherry
61
Why did Taft and Wherry support rollback?
US could extract minerals and profit. Wanted to spread US ideals too.
62
January 1947 Marshall Korea/Japan suggestion
Note to Acheson saying South Korean and Japanese economies needed connecting.
63
USSR main interests in North Korea
Warm water port access and buffer against Japan.
64
In 1945 what % of Korean industry was owned by Japanese interests?
90
65
North Korean aquisition of industry.
August 45 - Februrary 46, USSR exported materials as a war prize. Then, the People's Committees were established.
66
What was impressive about DPRK land reform?
Very bloodless. According to US army intelligence it made 70% peasants ardent supporters of the regime.
67
Where did the DPRK have elections?
At the local level. High participation and excitement. Seemed democratic. Kim did refuse UN supervised national elections.
68
What did Kim call for nationwide?
Free elections once unifcation occured and left wing parties were legalised in south.
69
Estimates of communist support in Korea before war.
North - 80% South - 65-70%
70
What went wrong with the July 1948 Korean elections?
Kim refused them. Many SKs boycotted because they thought seperate elections would divide Korea more. State violence and climate of terrorism.
71
When was ROK established?
August 15th 1948
72
What did Rhee refuse in August 1948?
Power sharing proposals to unify country.
73
Rhee US friendly economic policies
Entrenched status quo. Inequality grew. Signed secret agreements to export rice to Japan and allow US businesses to exploit mines (guarded by US troops).
74
Fist major protest against Rhee regime
Rhee decided to (with US backing) keep Japanese trained military leaders and police officers. Very widespread. Industrial sabotage, strikes.
75
How did Rhee respond to protest?
Built up security forces and with assistace from American Military Government tried to eliminate opposition.
76
ROK 1946 revolts
October. Police abuse and wage controls. Riots. Responded to by martial law and thousands arrested. 40 sentenced to death.
77
How did the US respond to 1946 ROK revolts?
Blamed it on "outside agitators" and called in troops. Set up concentration camps.
78
Short quotes from director of US army dept. transporation about 1946 revolts in ROK
"battle mentality", "didn't have to worry if innocent people got hurt", "it was war"
79
How many in prison mid-1947 ROK?
22,000 - double than under Japanese

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