Henry 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Where had Henry 7 lived much of his life?
A
Brittany
2
Q
What was Henry’s main aim?
A
Consolidate his power
3
Q
What had nobles used War of the Roses for?
A
Instability helped further their authority
4
Q
2 secondary aims of Henry 7
A
Secure recognition by foreign powers
Improve financial position
5
Q
When did War of the Roses begin?
A
1455 - end of Henry 6 reign
6
Q
Why did London accept Henry 7?
A
Richard 3 was so unpopular
7
Q
Who proclaimed Henry 7 king on the battlefield?
A
Lord Stanley
8
Q
What did Henry 7 do with dating?
A
Predated his reign to the day before battle of bosworth - any who fought for Richard were traitors
9
Q
When did Henry 7 become king?
A
22nd August 1485
Predated to 21st August 1485
10
Q
How many knighthoods did Henry confer on the battlefield?
A
Eleven
11
Q
What did Henry give 11 of on the battlefield?
A
Knighthoods
12
Q
By what year had Henry 7 eliminated threats?
A
1506
13
Q
Who funded Yorkist ambitions?
A
Margaret of Burgundy
14
Q
Who were the two pretenders?
A
Lambert Simnel
Perkin Warbeck
15
Q
Who were the two REAL threats in 1485?
A
John de la Pole. Earl of Lincoln
Earl of Warwick
16
Q
What threat did Henry imprison in 1485?
A
Earl of Warwick, aged 10
17
Q
How old was the Earl of Warwick when he was imprisoned?
A
10
18
Q
When did Henry imprison the Earl of Warwick?
A
1485
19
Q
Who was designated successor of Richard 3 and the Yorkist leader after Bosworth?
A
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
20
Q
When was Earl of Warwick beheaded?
A
1499
21
Q
Reason given for beheading of Earl of Warwick?
A
Conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck
22
Q
Who were Warwick and Lincoln both nephews of?
A
Edward 4
23
Q
How much active support did Henry have from nobility at start of reign?
A
Very little
24
Q
What was forfeited by Bills of Attainder?
A
Life, property, titles
25
Example of person attainted who slowly earnt back their title?
Earl of Surrey
26
What did Henry call often to please nobility in early years?
Parliament - nobility sat in house of lords
27
Excluding parliament, what else did Henry 7 call to please nobility?
Great Councils
28
What did Henry become in relation to the nobility?
Far more repressive as reign went on
29
What minor was given bonds/recognizances?
Duke of Buckingham
30
1485-99 how many peers gave bonds and recognisances?
11
31
1502-09 how many peers gave bonds and recognisances?
36
32
What years: 11 peers bonds/recognisances
1485-99
33
What years: 36 peers bonds/recognisances
1502-09
34
1486 Rising
Viscount Lovell and the Staffords
35
When was Viscount Lovell and the Staffords rising?
1486
36
What happened to Lovell?
He escaped to Burgundy
37
What happened to Humphrey Stafford?
He was executed
38
What happened to Thomas Stafford?
He was pardoned
39
What post did Henry 7 create in 1503?
Surveyor of the King's Wards
40
What did the Surveyor of the King's Wards do?
Ensured families couldn't use marriage to get too powerful
41
Wardships income changes. 1487 and 1507
1487 - £350
1507 - £6000
42
What were bonds and recognizances?
Finacial constraints, fines, suspended fines
43
What year did he bring in an act restricting retaining of armed men?
1504
44
What 1504 Act checked nobility authority?
Restricted retaining with system of licences
45
What tells us that illegal retaining law was never really followed up on?
Only one person was ever prosecuted for it
46
What did Henry mostly not touch for nobles?
Control over their own lands and localities
47
When was Lambert Simnel rebellion?
1487
48
Who arranged Lambert Simnel rebellion?
Earl of Lincoln - John de la Pole
49
Who did Simnel impersonate?
Earl of Warwick
50
What was Simnel crowned as in 1487?
King of Ireland
51
What was significant about Viscount Lovell and Staffords?
Little enthusiasm for a Yorkist rising in traditional heartlands
52
What two things did the Yorkists need following the Viscount Lovell and Staffords risings?
1 - A figurehead
2 - Financial support to create a military threat
53
Henry 7 response to Simnel's crowning
Exhibited real Earl of Warwick in London
54
What did Margaret of Burgundy pay for in regards to the Simnel rebellion?
A force of mercenaries
55
Who did Henry riskingly reinstate to prevent success of Simnel rebellion?
Earl of Northumberland
56
What were Yorkist gentry reluctant to do in North Riding in 1487?
Commit to Simnel rebellion, wanted to see who was likely to win
57
2 effects of reinstating Earl of Northumberland
Neutralised Yorkist base
Ensured Howards wouldn't get involved
58
What did Henry reinforce in 1487?
Sea defences in East Anglia
59
What did Henry do to Lambert Simnel?
Spared him, gave him a job in the kitchens
60
What battle took place in Simnel rebellion?
Battle of Stoke Field
61
Who led Henry's army at Stoke field?
Earl of Oxford
62
What ensured Lincoln's failure at Stoke Field?
Hadn't managed to recruit enough followers in addition to his mercenaries.
63
What happened to Lincoln?
Died at Stoke Field
64
What was significant about Stoke Field?
Brought an end to the war of the roses
65
What weakened the resolve of Yorkists who opposed him in 1487?
He treated rebels relatively midly
66
What policy did Henry develop after Simnel?
Bonds of good behaviour
67
What were bonds of good behaviour?
Gave money to landowners, did not have to repay if they behaved well.
68
Who did Perkin Warbeck impersonate?
Richard, Duke of York - one of the princes in the tower
69
When did Warbeck start to impersonate?
1491
70
What changed Warbeck from a pest to a threat?
Ability to attract patronage from foreign rulers
71
Passive support for Simnel
Marched hundreds of miles without local noblemen intercepting
72
What did Margaret of Burgundy do for Warbeck?
Trained him as a yorkist prince
73
When did Warbeck first try to land in England?
1495
74
2 people executed in 1495, what for?
Lord Fitzwalter - steward
Sir William Stanley - chamberlain
Offering support to Warbeck
75
Why did Warbeck 1495 landing fail?
Henry knew about it
76
Where did Warbeck flee to in 1495?
Scottish James 4's court
77
Why was Sir William Stanley's involvement in 1495 so big?
Lord Chamberlain. Head of royal household when household government was still a thing. Exposed vulnerability - especially to assassination.
78
What made it difficult to disprove Warbeck?
Could not produce Duke of York or his remains
79
When did Scotland invade England for Warbeck?
1496
80
Why was 1496 invasion insignificant?
Small force, retreated quickly.
81
Why did James 4 ditch Warbeck?
Marriage offer to Henry's daughter Margaret
82
Warbeck final attempt
1497 in Cornwall
83
Why did Warbeck land in Cornwall in 1497?
To exploit the uncertainty created by Cornish rebellion of 1497
84
What did Henry 7 do when he captured Warbeck?
Imprisoned him, then executed in 1499 after he tried to escape with the Earl of Warwick
85
Was Cornish Rebellion a threat?
Yes. A serious one.
86
When was the Cornish rebellion?
1497
87
Where was Henry's army at time of Cornish rebellion?
Dealing with Scottish threat in the North
88
How many gentlemen from southwest joined Cornish Rebellion?
25 ish
89
What was Cornish rebellion triggered by?
Taxation for scottish campaign
90
How many involved in Cornish rebellion?
15,000
91
How far did Cornish rebels get?
Blackheath, just outside London
92
What did Cornish rebels threaten to do?
Release Earl of Warwick and restore Yorkist king
93
What lord joined Cornish rebellion?
Lord Audley
94
How did Henry suppress the Cornish rebellion?
Withdrew Lord Daubenay and troops from defending Scottish border
95
How easy was it to crush Cornish rebellion?
Quite easy in the end
96
Who was executed because of Cornish rebellion?
The leaders including Lord Audley
Notable only the leaders. Lenient from Henry
97
What did Cornish rebellion make Henry do?
Ensure Anglo-Scottish tensions eased and become cautious about foreign conflicts.
98
General rebellious spirit throughout reign of people?
Not enthusiastic. Two rebellions exceptional and easily supressed. Pretenders found it hard to gain support.
99
What did Edmund Dudley believe about nobles?
Only a small number felt harshly treated
100
What does John Guy call Tudor England's greatest success?
Ability to feed itself - many countries had substinence crises.
101
When was the Yorkshire rebellion?
1489?
102
What was the Yorkshire rebellion about?
Taxation
103
Who was murdered in the Yorkshire rebellion?
Earl of Northumberland
104
Why wasn't the Earl of Northumberland protected when he died in 1489?
His retainers left his as punishment for his own desertion of Richard 4 years previously.
105
What showed King's control in North was insecure?
Murder of Earl of Northumberland
106
Who was the last threat after Warbeck was executed in 1499?
Edmund de la Pole, in exile
107
Why could Henry never rest easy?
He was a usurper himself
108
When did Prince Arthur die?
1502
109
When did Henry imprison Edmund de la Pole?
1506
110
What was significant about Henry's coronation?
Organised it a week before first parliament to show his right to the throne was hereditary.
111
When did Henry marry Elizabeth of York?
1486
112
When was Arthur born?
1486
113
Henry's foreign policy aims?
International recognition of dynasty
Defend trading interests
Maintain secuity
Good relations to focus on domestic security
114
When did Maximilian become HRE?
1493
115
When did Margaret of Burgundy die?
1503
116
When did Henry break trade relations with Burgundy?
1493
117
Who was the intercursus magnus between?
Henry and Philip. England and Burgundy
118
What did intercursus magnus do?
Brought embargo to an end
119
When was intercursus magnus?
1496
120
When did France invade Brittany?
1487
121
2 reasons for raising an army against french in 1489
1 - sense of obligation to bretons (harboured him)
2 - fear of french control increasing threat
122
When was the Treaty of Redon?
1489
123
Terms of treaty of redon
Duchess Anne would pay for a small army. Henry would support her claim to Brittany
124
When did Duchess Anne surrender to French?
1491
125
What did Duchess Anne agree to do in 1491?
Marry King of France Charles 8
126
Problem for Henry when Duchess Anne surrendered?
Army stranded in Brittany, now under French control
127
When did Henry launch invasion of France?
1492
128
How many troops did Henry take to France?
26,000
129
What happened when Henry invaded France in 1492?
France quickly sought a peace settlement
130
Why was Henry's decision to invade France not so much of a gamble?
His agents told him Charles 8 was far more interested in invading Italy
131
When was Treaty of Etaples?
1492
132
Two things France gave England at treaty of etaples?
1 - would assist no pretenders
2 - Pay England a pension (made up 5% of Henry's income)
133
What treaty brought peace with france?
Treaty of Etaples 1492
134
Why was Earl of Kildare a threat in Ireland?
Yorkist sympathies, crowned Simnel in 1486 and supported Warbeck in 1491
135
Who was a threat in Ireland?
Earl of Kildare
136
Who did Henry replace Earl of Kildare with?
Sir Edward Poynings
137
When was Poynings' law?
1495
138
What law was passed in Ireland?
Poynings' Law
139
What did Poynings' Law state?
Irish parliament needed English monarch approval before passing laws
140
How did Poynings try to suppress Irish?
Threat of force and bribery
141
2 issues that arose with Poynings' Irish policy
1 - Too expensive
2 - Warbeck returned in 1495 and beseiged a town
142
Reason it might be said Henry was forced to reinstate Kildare?
Lack of money for Irish policy with Scottish invasion
143
Reason Henry might have willingly reinstated Kildare?
Been persuaded to abandon Yorkist cause
144
Success of Kildare
Achieved submission of various CHIEFTAINS
145
When was Kildare reinstated?
1495
146
By what year had Ireland come under control?
1500
147
What were Scottish relations like 1495-95?
Tense but somewhat cordial
148
Negative turning point in Scottish relations
James 4 comes of age, offers hospitality to Warbeck in 1495
149
3 things James 4 gave warbeck
1 - pension
2 - aristocratic marriage
3 - a small army for invasion in 1496
150
How did Henry respond to 1496 small invasion by Warbeck/Scotland?
Raised a large army to launch an invasion
151
What did raising a large army to invade Scotland mean?
Cornish Rebellion of 1497
152
What truce stopped tensions with Scotland?
Truce of Ayton
153
When was there a full treaty with Scotland?
1502
154
When was Truce of Ayton?
1497
155
What encouraged James 4 to agree truce of ayton and drop warbeck?
Henry's offer of Margaret (daughter) and James marriage
156
What was the 1502 scottish treaty?
Treaty of Perpetual Peace
157
What did Treaty of Perpetual Peace include?
Agreement for Margaret and James to marry
158
When did Margaret and James 4 marry?
1503
159
Did Henry succeed in Scotland?
Yes, secured the border.
160
Who ruled Spain?
Ferdinand and Isabella - joint monarchs
161
When was the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
1489
162
What was the 1489 treaty with Spain?
Treaty of Medina del Campo
163
What did Treaty of Medina del Campo agree?
Arthur and Catherine to marry.
Both would not harbour rebels or pretenders.
Protect each other in event of attack.
164
Significance of Medina del Campo?
Spain accepted Henry's dynasty
165
What did Ferdinand and Henry argue over?
Size of Catherine's dowry
166
When was Arthur and Catherine's marriage?
1501
167
When did Arthur die?
1502
168
Why did Henry want Catherine to marry Henry 8?
Keep the dowry
169
When did Isabella die?
1504
170
Who did alliances fail with?
HRE and papal states
171
Navigation Acts
1485 and 1489, showed desire to end reliance on foreign ships
172
Who died in 1506?
Philip
173
Consequences of Philip's death
Juana deprived of inheritance
Marriage between Henry and Catherine jeopardised
Ferdinand regent of castile
Henry diplomatically isolated
174
What happened to Juana and Philip in 1506?
Their ship wrecked. Took refuge in England.
175
Treaty of Windsor
1506 - intercursus malus restored trade with burgundy
return of earl of suffolk
Henry recognised Juana and Philip as rightful rulers of Castile
176
Why was Intercursus Malus known as that?
Flemish description.
Overly generous to England.
177
1507 Third Trade Treaty with Burgundy
Reverted to Intercursus Magnus in 1507
178
When was League of Cambrai formed?
1508. Henry not in it, isolated.
179
When did Elizabeth of York die?
1503
180
Between 1505 and 1509 how much did Henry give to Hapsburgs through various means?
£342,000
181
Why would diplomatic isolation possibly prove dangerous?
If Henry 8's accession was challenged
182
Who acted as a non-official advisor?
Henry's mum Margaret Beaufort
183
3 types of councillor
Laymen
Nobles
Churchmen
184
How many attended council throughout reign?
227
185
How many people made up Henry's core council?
Six or seven
186
When did John Morton become Archbishop?
1486
187
Who was Henry's chancellor until 1503?
Sir Reginald Bray
188
2 'professional' councillors
Bray and Dudley
189
When did Council Learned develop?
Second half of the reign
190
What was 'shady' about Council Learned?
Not a recognised court of law.
No right of appeal.
191
How did Council Learned exercise authority?
Exploiting the royal prerogative
192
Which of Empson and Dudley was there from the start?
Empson
193
When did Dudley join Council Learned?
1503, after Bray's death
194
2 enemies of Empson and Dudley
Fox and Lovell
195
What was Edmund Dudley's role on Council Learned?
Exploit financial opportunities
196
Reform to household in 1495
Remodelled chamber as privy chamber. King could retreat and be protected, cut Henry off.
197
What looked after the King?
Household proper
198
Politically important part of court before 1495
The Chamber
199
How many parliaments in first 10 years?
5
