Henry 8 Flashcards
Who edited the Great Bible?
Cranmer
What was the consequence of Mary (sister) getting married to Suffolk?
Couldn’t be used for diplomatic purposes
When did Anne and Henry 8 marry?
January 1533, secret ceremony
What did Cromwell start to do in 1529?
Collect evidence of clerical abuses
When was the Anne of Cleves marriage?
1540
What was government 1540-47
Conciliar
What were Wolsey’s policies centred on?
Strengthening royal authority and raising finance
Spiritual reasons for dissolution?
Monks loyal to Rome
Bastions of Catholic doctrine
Corruption - poor behaviour and piety
What Dutch scholar visited England 4 times from 1509-14?
Erasmus
What did merchants fail to procure?
Royal support for exploration
3 successes of the conservative faction
Six articles of 1537, Marriage to Catherine Howard, Fall of Cromwell
Ostensible reason for Eltham Ordinances?
Reduce royal household expenditure
Who did Henry 8 send to Scotland to lead army?
Duke of Norfolk
Did Henry 8 use nobility and gentry more or less than Henry 7?
Much more
Henry 8 initial attitude to nobles
Their sons were his personal companions. Influence still limited due to Wolsey domination
What were the first set of injunctions against? (3)
Pilgrimages, relics, images
What % of England and Wales land were monastic lands and sold off?
16%
When did Cromwell start the visitations?
1535
When were the first and second suppression acts?
1536 and 1541
How much did 1522 national survey raise?
£200,000
Secondary reason for Eltham Ordinances?
Wolsey could reduce the influence of the Privy Chamber
What year did the Treaty of Andres dictate Boulogne would be returned?
1554
When were Dereham and Culpepper executed?
1541
How did Katherine Parr relate to humanism?
Had a humanist education.
Gathered a humanist circle and patronised art/literature.
Terms of Treaty of Andres
Peace.
Henry 8 would keep Boulogne.
Pension to Henry 8 would be resumed.
If French kept paying pension then Boulogne would be returned to France.
When was Anne B crowned queen?
May 1533, following Cranmer annulling previous marriage
What was the 1537 Bishops Book?
Response to anger over the ten articles. Restored 4 omitted sacraments - lower status.
What did the 1540s conservative faction believe?
Accepted break with Rome, but opposed doctrinal change
Cromwell’s Act of Supremacy
1534, King declared Supreme Head of the Church INNNN England - papal authority subsequently no longer recognised. BREAK FROM ROME
When was the Duke of Buckingham executed?
1521
How many members of Cromwell’s privy council?
20 ish
What did Henry 8 lose due to 1513 France campaign?
His french pension
Effect of 1534 Act of Succession
Mary became illegitimate
Cromwell changes to council
Royal council transformed into Privy council (much smaller). Changed the type of people.
How and when was Cranmer rewarded for his helping of the king?
Made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532
2 main protestant beliefs Cromwell and Cranmer introduced
Justification by faith - you can achieve grace by faith alone.
Consubstantiation - bread and wine SPIRITUALLY the body and blood - not physically so
When was the Wales Act?
1536
Where did tin mining succeed?
Cornwall
What war did Wolsey suggest in 1528?
War with Spain
What were the Irish reforms of 1541?
Declared it a Kingdom.
Created counties, granted nobles same legal protections as English ones.
All lands had to be surrendered - returned when loyalty oaths were given.
When did German protestants come to England?
1520s
When did Henry 8 attack Scotland for first time?
1542
How many people were involved in Lincolnshire Rising and Piligrimage of Grace?
40,000
Why did Henry 8 join the league of cognac?
Charles V refused invasion of northern france in 1525
The Merchant Adventurers
Flourished in Henry 8’s reign.
Traded in finished cloth, sent to base in Antwerp for dyeing and finishing.
Controlled trade with north-west Germany.
Who did the Pope Clement 7 send as an envoy?
Cardinal Campeggio
When did Wolsey have the idea of the Privy Council?
As early as 1526
What year was Treaty of Cambrai?
1517
When was Wolsey chief minister?
1514-1529
Alternative reason for 1536 succession act (not Elizabeth)
Allowed Henry to legitimise Henry Fitzroy, the Duke of Richmond
What were the English clergy collectively accused of and when?
Praemunire in 1531
What did Somerset do 43-45?
Border raids vs Scotland
How was Henry 8 lucky in relation to P of G?
Duke of Norfolk showed flexibility and restraint
Economic grievances P of G
Taxation
Tenants grievances
What was Robert Thorne doing during Henry 8’s reign?
Continued involvement in an Iceland and Newfoundland fishery.
1536 Succession Act
Removed Elizabeth.
Said in absence of legitimate heir, the king could determine succession by will.
What was Cabot doing during Henry 8’s reign?
In Spain, 2 short visits to England.
What English company flourished?
Merchant Adventurers
Ten Articles mix of influences
No to praying to saints to forgive sins
Yes to confession
5 successes of reform faction
Fall of Catherine H
Catherine Parr marriage
Plot against Gardiner
Arrest of Norfolk
Denny got access to dry stamp
When was Amicable Grant brought in?
1525
What did the 1539 Six Articles do?
Reasserted Catholic doctrine.
Made denying transubstantiation heretical
When was the Treaty of Nice?
1538
When was Wolsey charged with praemunire?
October 1529
What was the legal abuse many clergy committed?
Corruption of legal priviliges
What was the Treaty of Amiens?
England - France alliance
Why did Southampton boom?
Trade with Venice
What title did Henry 8 adopt in 1541?
King of Ireland
What did Henry have to do to his assets due to 1513 campaigns?
Liquidate his assets
When was Treaty of Greenwich (betrothal of MQOS and Edward VI)?
1543
What was Cromwell’s reaction to Treaty of Nice?
6 Articles + Anne
When did Wolsey suspend enclosure legal cases?
1523-26
How many monasteries closed?
900
What 7 year unbroken period did parliament meet in Henry 8’s reign?
1529-1536 REFORMATION PARLIAMENT
What was the Act of Succession 1534?
Annulled marriage in law, gave succession to Anne’s children, to deny Anne mariage TREASON
When did Henry 8 declare war on France for 2nd time?
1522
What was non-residence?
Recieving profits of a post but being absent from it
What position did Wolsey get in 1514?
Archbishop of York
In P of G, where in particular were tenants’ grievances notable?
Cumberland and Westmoreland
Change in way you rise to prominence in politics
Through univeristy or legal training, not the church. Cromwell a lawyer, Wolsey a cleric
Change in food prices
Doubled
What did Henry 8 think about initial moves toward Protestantism?
Disliked them - SIX ARTICLES WERE HIM
When did Luther start attacking the church?
1517
Where did new blast furnaces increase more iron ore?
Sussex and Kent
What year was the battle of pavia?
1525
What was the League of Cognac?
France, Papacy, England to counterbalance Charles V’s power in northern Italy
What was destroyed during the change in religious doctrine?
Relics and images
When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
1536
Relationship between Henry 8 and the Merchant Adventurers?
He gave them special privileges, they gave him loans.
What was humanist about St. Pauls School?
Humanist headteacher, curriculum influenced by Erasmus, governors from city guild not clergy.
Where did Wolsey first properly exhibit his organisational abilities?
France campaign
Reasons for allowing Durham to keep some independence?
1 - Historical precedence
2 - Close to Scotland, control over decisions useful
3 - Turnstall was loyal and supportive
4 - Volatile region
Wales administration before 1536
No unified administration or formal political link to England
What was based in Ludlow from 1536?
Council of Wales and the Marches
What was the Earl of Hartford sent to do and when?
Sent to raid Scottish cities. Achieved little. 1543
What happened in Ireland in 1539?
Two Irish nobles tried to invade the Pale
Example of noble rewarded by Henry 8
Suffolk given land after Lincolnshire rebellion
What did the Court of Chancery do?
Uphold ‘fair’ justice in relation to enclosure, contracts, and land theft in wills.
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?
1533 - No appeals to Rome about church court decisions in England
Cromwell’s Treason Act
1534 - treason to call king a heretic. Treason could be done through words, writing, or deeds. Executed Thomas More in 1535
How did James V humiliate Henry?
Refused to negotiate following pro-French policy
What was Treaty of London?
1518 - Major European powers signed non-aggression pact. Each signed with England seperately.
How is Henry’s 1530s FP best summarised?
How best to succeed with his ‘great matter’
When was Henry 8’s jousting accident?
1536
Was the restraint of annates popular or unpopular?
VERY unpopular. Fierce opposition
Caveat to Southampton success
Shortlived
How did Seymour plan influence for new reign during last years of Henry 8?
Was entangled with Catherine Parr. Convinced her to marry Henry 8, married her just months after Henry died.
Way Cromwell did not revolutionise finance?
Continued to manage it from Privy Council
How did Norfolk deal with 1537 renewed rebellion?
Declared martial law.
74 rebels hanged.
Lenient treatment thereafter.
How many times did Wolsey call parliament?
Twice
What was submission of the clergy?
May 1532 - surrended church’s law making function to the king and gave him power to choose the bishops….. Cranmer followed
What was engrossing?
The amalgamation of farms
Cromwell introduced what petition in 1532
Supplication against the ordinances. Calling for the king to deal with corrupt clergy.
Effect of cheap selling off of confiscated property in 1540s?
Expansion of size and wealth of landholding gentry
When was Greek new testament with latin translation published by Erasmus?
1516
How is Henry’s 1540s FP best summarised?
Aggressive, final pursuit of glory
After Wolsey, what was government?
Conciliar 1529-32
Three ways Henry 8 tried to deal with financial burden of 1544-46 war?
1 - Sold off large amounts of crown estate
2 - Borrowed huge amounts
3 - Debased coinage - BAD INFLATION
What job did Thomas More get in 1529?
Lord Chancellor
When was a short-term artificial boom?
1544-46
Who were arrested early in Henry 8’s reign?
Empson and Dudley
What law did P of G oppose?
1536 Injunctions
How were courtly conspirators involved in P of G?
Former supporters of C of Aragon.
Wanted to restore Mary as heir.
Exploited northerners concerns to pressurise Henry 8.
When did Henry 8 make the clergy recognise him as “Supreme Head” of the church?
1531
How many rebels were hanged following renewal of rebellion in 1537?
74
What were the two reasons that Wolsey called parliament - and in what years?
1515 - Hunne Case, Bishop scandal
1523 - Taxation due to foreign policy
What was Wolsey’s response to Leo X’s call for a crusade?
Thought it unlikely but saw it as an opportunity to place England at centre of European affairs
Which succession act re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as heirs?
1544
Leader of Pilgrimage of Grace?
Robert Aske
Who did CofA appeal to due to the fake trial?
Pope Clement 7
When did Wolsey become a cardinal?
1515
How many troops did Henry 8 take to Boulogne?
48,000
What was government between 1509 and 1514?
Conciliar
What was pluralism?
Recieving profits of more than one post
When did Mary of Guise and James V marry?
1538
Example of Henry 8’s insecurity?
Willingness to resort to execution for treason on flimsy excuses
3 financial institutions Cromwell created
Court of Augmentations
Court of First Fruits and Tenths
Court of Wards
Why was there a short-term artifical boom in 44-46?
Debasement - more coinage in circulation
What did the King’s Book do?
Revised the Bishop’s book. Largely conservative, some protestant features.
How was 1534 Irish Rebellion dealt with?
Brutally suppressed. Increased resentment.
What marriage alliance was agreed with Charles V and in what treaty?
Treaty of Bruges 1521 - Charles V would marry Mary (daughter)
Why did Charles V being elected emperor of HRE put him in opposition to France?
Encircled France from both sides. Inherited father’s commitment to Milan, which France controlled!
Outlook of reform faction
Accept break with Rome, see it as an opportunity to go further
Who was Seymour related to?
Somerset was his brother.
Jane Seymour was his sister.
What shows us the rebels demands in P of G?
The Pontefract Articles
When was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion?
1543
When was the Pact of Toledo?
1539
What did the 1536 ten articles do?
Omitted four of 7 sacraments
Made eucharist (transubstantiation) ambiguous.
Praying to saints rejected.
What was astonishing about population growth in London?
Death rate exceeded birth rate the entire Tudor period - all migration!!!
Apart from Scotland, where else did France send troops in 1545?
The Isle of Wight