Henry 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Who edited the Great Bible?

A

Cranmer

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2
Q

What was the consequence of Mary (sister) getting married to Suffolk?

A

Couldn’t be used for diplomatic purposes

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3
Q

When did Anne and Henry 8 marry?

A

January 1533, secret ceremony

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4
Q

What did Cromwell start to do in 1529?

A

Collect evidence of clerical abuses

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5
Q

When was the Anne of Cleves marriage?

A

1540

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6
Q

What was government 1540-47

A

Conciliar

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7
Q

What were Wolsey’s policies centred on?

A

Strengthening royal authority and raising finance

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8
Q

Spiritual reasons for dissolution?

A

Monks loyal to Rome
Bastions of Catholic doctrine
Corruption - poor behaviour and piety

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9
Q

What Dutch scholar visited England 4 times from 1509-14?

A

Erasmus

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10
Q

What did merchants fail to procure?

A

Royal support for exploration

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11
Q

3 successes of the conservative faction

A

Six articles of 1537, Marriage to Catherine Howard, Fall of Cromwell

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12
Q

Ostensible reason for Eltham Ordinances?

A

Reduce royal household expenditure

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13
Q

Who did Henry 8 send to Scotland to lead army?

A

Duke of Norfolk

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14
Q

Did Henry 8 use nobility and gentry more or less than Henry 7?

A

Much more

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15
Q

Henry 8 initial attitude to nobles

A

Their sons were his personal companions. Influence still limited due to Wolsey domination

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16
Q

What were the first set of injunctions against? (3)

A

Pilgrimages, relics, images

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17
Q

What % of England and Wales land were monastic lands and sold off?

A

16%

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18
Q

When did Cromwell start the visitations?

A

1535

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19
Q

When were the first and second suppression acts?

A

1536 and 1541

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20
Q

How much did 1522 national survey raise?

A

£200,000

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21
Q

Secondary reason for Eltham Ordinances?

A

Wolsey could reduce the influence of the Privy Chamber

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22
Q

What year did the Treaty of Andres dictate Boulogne would be returned?

A

1554

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23
Q

When were Dereham and Culpepper executed?

A

1541

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24
Q

How did Katherine Parr relate to humanism?

A

Had a humanist education.
Gathered a humanist circle and patronised art/literature.

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25
Q

Terms of Treaty of Andres

A

Peace.
Henry 8 would keep Boulogne.
Pension to Henry 8 would be resumed.
If French kept paying pension then Boulogne would be returned to France.

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26
Q

When was Anne B crowned queen?

A

May 1533, following Cranmer annulling previous marriage

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27
Q

What was the 1537 Bishops Book?

A

Response to anger over the ten articles. Restored 4 omitted sacraments - lower status.

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28
Q

What did the 1540s conservative faction believe?

A

Accepted break with Rome, but opposed doctrinal change

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29
Q

Cromwell’s Act of Supremacy

A

1534, King declared Supreme Head of the Church INNNN England - papal authority subsequently no longer recognised. BREAK FROM ROME

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30
Q

When was the Duke of Buckingham executed?

A

1521

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31
Q

How many members of Cromwell’s privy council?

A

20 ish

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32
Q

What did Henry 8 lose due to 1513 France campaign?

A

His french pension

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33
Q

Effect of 1534 Act of Succession

A

Mary became illegitimate

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34
Q

Cromwell changes to council

A

Royal council transformed into Privy council (much smaller). Changed the type of people.

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35
Q

How and when was Cranmer rewarded for his helping of the king?

A

Made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532

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36
Q

2 main protestant beliefs Cromwell and Cranmer introduced

A

Justification by faith - you can achieve grace by faith alone.
Consubstantiation - bread and wine SPIRITUALLY the body and blood - not physically so

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37
Q

When was the Wales Act?

A

1536

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38
Q

Where did tin mining succeed?

A

Cornwall

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39
Q

What war did Wolsey suggest in 1528?

A

War with Spain

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40
Q

What were the Irish reforms of 1541?

A

Declared it a Kingdom.
Created counties, granted nobles same legal protections as English ones.
All lands had to be surrendered - returned when loyalty oaths were given.

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41
Q

When did German protestants come to England?

A

1520s

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42
Q

When did Henry 8 attack Scotland for first time?

A

1542

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43
Q

How many people were involved in Lincolnshire Rising and Piligrimage of Grace?

A

40,000

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44
Q

Why did Henry 8 join the league of cognac?

A

Charles V refused invasion of northern france in 1525

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45
Q

The Merchant Adventurers

A

Flourished in Henry 8’s reign.
Traded in finished cloth, sent to base in Antwerp for dyeing and finishing.
Controlled trade with north-west Germany.

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46
Q

Who did the Pope Clement 7 send as an envoy?

A

Cardinal Campeggio

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47
Q

When did Wolsey have the idea of the Privy Council?

A

As early as 1526

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48
Q

What year was Treaty of Cambrai?

A

1517

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49
Q

When was Wolsey chief minister?

A

1514-1529

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50
Q

Alternative reason for 1536 succession act (not Elizabeth)

A

Allowed Henry to legitimise Henry Fitzroy, the Duke of Richmond

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51
Q

What were the English clergy collectively accused of and when?

A

Praemunire in 1531

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52
Q

What did Somerset do 43-45?

A

Border raids vs Scotland

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53
Q

How was Henry 8 lucky in relation to P of G?

A

Duke of Norfolk showed flexibility and restraint

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54
Q

Economic grievances P of G

A

Taxation
Tenants grievances

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55
Q

What was Robert Thorne doing during Henry 8’s reign?

A

Continued involvement in an Iceland and Newfoundland fishery.

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56
Q

1536 Succession Act

A

Removed Elizabeth.
Said in absence of legitimate heir, the king could determine succession by will.

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57
Q

What was Cabot doing during Henry 8’s reign?

A

In Spain, 2 short visits to England.

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58
Q

What English company flourished?

A

Merchant Adventurers

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59
Q

Ten Articles mix of influences

A

No to praying to saints to forgive sins
Yes to confession

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60
Q

5 successes of reform faction

A

Fall of Catherine H
Catherine Parr marriage
Plot against Gardiner
Arrest of Norfolk
Denny got access to dry stamp

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61
Q

When was Amicable Grant brought in?

A

1525

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62
Q

What did the 1539 Six Articles do?

A

Reasserted Catholic doctrine.
Made denying transubstantiation heretical

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63
Q

When was the Treaty of Nice?

A

1538

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64
Q

When was Wolsey charged with praemunire?

A

October 1529

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65
Q

What was the legal abuse many clergy committed?

A

Corruption of legal priviliges

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66
Q

What was the Treaty of Amiens?

A

England - France alliance

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67
Q

Why did Southampton boom?

A

Trade with Venice

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68
Q

What title did Henry 8 adopt in 1541?

A

King of Ireland

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69
Q

What did Henry have to do to his assets due to 1513 campaigns?

A

Liquidate his assets

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70
Q

When was Treaty of Greenwich (betrothal of MQOS and Edward VI)?

A

1543

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71
Q

What was Cromwell’s reaction to Treaty of Nice?

A

6 Articles + Anne

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72
Q

When did Wolsey suspend enclosure legal cases?

A

1523-26

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73
Q

How many monasteries closed?

A

900

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74
Q

What 7 year unbroken period did parliament meet in Henry 8’s reign?

A

1529-1536 REFORMATION PARLIAMENT

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75
Q

What was the Act of Succession 1534?

A

Annulled marriage in law, gave succession to Anne’s children, to deny Anne mariage TREASON

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76
Q

When did Henry 8 declare war on France for 2nd time?

A

1522

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77
Q

What was non-residence?

A

Recieving profits of a post but being absent from it

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78
Q

What position did Wolsey get in 1514?

A

Archbishop of York

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79
Q

In P of G, where in particular were tenants’ grievances notable?

A

Cumberland and Westmoreland

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80
Q

Change in way you rise to prominence in politics

A

Through univeristy or legal training, not the church. Cromwell a lawyer, Wolsey a cleric

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81
Q

Change in food prices

A

Doubled

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82
Q

What did Henry 8 think about initial moves toward Protestantism?

A

Disliked them - SIX ARTICLES WERE HIM

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83
Q

When did Luther start attacking the church?

A

1517

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84
Q

Where did new blast furnaces increase more iron ore?

A

Sussex and Kent

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85
Q

What year was the battle of pavia?

A

1525

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86
Q

What was the League of Cognac?

A

France, Papacy, England to counterbalance Charles V’s power in northern Italy

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87
Q

What was destroyed during the change in religious doctrine?

A

Relics and images

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88
Q

When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

1536

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89
Q

Relationship between Henry 8 and the Merchant Adventurers?

A

He gave them special privileges, they gave him loans.

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90
Q

What was humanist about St. Pauls School?

A

Humanist headteacher, curriculum influenced by Erasmus, governors from city guild not clergy.

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91
Q

Where did Wolsey first properly exhibit his organisational abilities?

A

France campaign

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92
Q

Reasons for allowing Durham to keep some independence?

A

1 - Historical precedence
2 - Close to Scotland, control over decisions useful
3 - Turnstall was loyal and supportive
4 - Volatile region

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93
Q

Wales administration before 1536

A

No unified administration or formal political link to England

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94
Q

What was based in Ludlow from 1536?

A

Council of Wales and the Marches

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95
Q

What was the Earl of Hartford sent to do and when?

A

Sent to raid Scottish cities. Achieved little. 1543

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96
Q

What happened in Ireland in 1539?

A

Two Irish nobles tried to invade the Pale

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97
Q

Example of noble rewarded by Henry 8

A

Suffolk given land after Lincolnshire rebellion

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98
Q

What did the Court of Chancery do?

A

Uphold ‘fair’ justice in relation to enclosure, contracts, and land theft in wills.

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99
Q

What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

A

1533 - No appeals to Rome about church court decisions in England

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100
Q

Cromwell’s Treason Act

A

1534 - treason to call king a heretic. Treason could be done through words, writing, or deeds. Executed Thomas More in 1535

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101
Q

How did James V humiliate Henry?

A

Refused to negotiate following pro-French policy

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102
Q

What was Treaty of London?

A

1518 - Major European powers signed non-aggression pact. Each signed with England seperately.

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103
Q

How is Henry’s 1530s FP best summarised?

A

How best to succeed with his ‘great matter’

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104
Q

When was Henry 8’s jousting accident?

A

1536

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105
Q

Was the restraint of annates popular or unpopular?

A

VERY unpopular. Fierce opposition

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106
Q

Caveat to Southampton success

A

Shortlived

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107
Q

How did Seymour plan influence for new reign during last years of Henry 8?

A

Was entangled with Catherine Parr. Convinced her to marry Henry 8, married her just months after Henry died.

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108
Q

Way Cromwell did not revolutionise finance?

A

Continued to manage it from Privy Council

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109
Q

How did Norfolk deal with 1537 renewed rebellion?

A

Declared martial law.
74 rebels hanged.
Lenient treatment thereafter.

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110
Q

How many times did Wolsey call parliament?

A

Twice

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111
Q

What was submission of the clergy?

A

May 1532 - surrended church’s law making function to the king and gave him power to choose the bishops….. Cranmer followed

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112
Q

What was engrossing?

A

The amalgamation of farms

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113
Q

Cromwell introduced what petition in 1532

A

Supplication against the ordinances. Calling for the king to deal with corrupt clergy.

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114
Q

Effect of cheap selling off of confiscated property in 1540s?

A

Expansion of size and wealth of landholding gentry

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115
Q

When was Greek new testament with latin translation published by Erasmus?

A

1516

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116
Q

How is Henry’s 1540s FP best summarised?

A

Aggressive, final pursuit of glory

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117
Q

After Wolsey, what was government?

A

Conciliar 1529-32

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118
Q

Three ways Henry 8 tried to deal with financial burden of 1544-46 war?

A

1 - Sold off large amounts of crown estate
2 - Borrowed huge amounts
3 - Debased coinage - BAD INFLATION

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119
Q

What job did Thomas More get in 1529?

A

Lord Chancellor

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120
Q

When was a short-term artificial boom?

A

1544-46

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121
Q

Who were arrested early in Henry 8’s reign?

A

Empson and Dudley

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122
Q

What law did P of G oppose?

A

1536 Injunctions

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123
Q

How were courtly conspirators involved in P of G?

A

Former supporters of C of Aragon.
Wanted to restore Mary as heir.
Exploited northerners concerns to pressurise Henry 8.

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124
Q

When did Henry 8 make the clergy recognise him as “Supreme Head” of the church?

A

1531

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125
Q

How many rebels were hanged following renewal of rebellion in 1537?

A

74

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126
Q

What were the two reasons that Wolsey called parliament - and in what years?

A

1515 - Hunne Case, Bishop scandal
1523 - Taxation due to foreign policy

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127
Q

What was Wolsey’s response to Leo X’s call for a crusade?

A

Thought it unlikely but saw it as an opportunity to place England at centre of European affairs

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128
Q

Which succession act re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as heirs?

A

1544

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129
Q

Leader of Pilgrimage of Grace?

A

Robert Aske

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130
Q

Who did CofA appeal to due to the fake trial?

A

Pope Clement 7

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131
Q

When did Wolsey become a cardinal?

A

1515

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132
Q

How many troops did Henry 8 take to Boulogne?

A

48,000

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133
Q

What was government between 1509 and 1514?

A

Conciliar

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134
Q

What was pluralism?

A

Recieving profits of more than one post

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135
Q

When did Mary of Guise and James V marry?

A

1538

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136
Q

Example of Henry 8’s insecurity?

A

Willingness to resort to execution for treason on flimsy excuses

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137
Q

3 financial institutions Cromwell created

A

Court of Augmentations
Court of First Fruits and Tenths
Court of Wards

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138
Q

Why was there a short-term artifical boom in 44-46?

A

Debasement - more coinage in circulation

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139
Q

What did the King’s Book do?

A

Revised the Bishop’s book. Largely conservative, some protestant features.

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140
Q

How was 1534 Irish Rebellion dealt with?

A

Brutally suppressed. Increased resentment.

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141
Q

What marriage alliance was agreed with Charles V and in what treaty?

A

Treaty of Bruges 1521 - Charles V would marry Mary (daughter)

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142
Q

Why did Charles V being elected emperor of HRE put him in opposition to France?

A

Encircled France from both sides. Inherited father’s commitment to Milan, which France controlled!

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143
Q

Outlook of reform faction

A

Accept break with Rome, see it as an opportunity to go further

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144
Q

Who was Seymour related to?

A

Somerset was his brother.
Jane Seymour was his sister.

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145
Q

What shows us the rebels demands in P of G?

A

The Pontefract Articles

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146
Q

When was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion?

A

1543

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147
Q

When was the Pact of Toledo?

A

1539

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148
Q

What did the 1536 ten articles do?

A

Omitted four of 7 sacraments
Made eucharist (transubstantiation) ambiguous.
Praying to saints rejected.

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149
Q

What was astonishing about population growth in London?

A

Death rate exceeded birth rate the entire Tudor period - all migration!!!

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150
Q

Apart from Scotland, where else did France send troops in 1545?

A

The Isle of Wight

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151
Q

Continuity in religion by 1547

A

Church hierarchy mostly intact.
Interiors of churches mostly unaltered.
Services traditional - in Latin, music important
6 articles and fall of cromwell weakened reform

152
Q

What could Wolsey be accused of doing in relation to parliament?

A

Governing without it.

153
Q

2 periods for commoners

A

First half: no change in living standards
Second half: inflation brought fall in real incomes

154
Q

When was debasement first attempted?

A

1526

155
Q

When did Henry 8 trial begin?

A

June 1529

156
Q

When was the national survey?

A

1522

157
Q

When was there a renewal of rebellion following P of G?

A

1537

158
Q

Which succession act removed Elizabeth?

A

1536

159
Q

Where was renewed rebellion in 1537?

A

Cumberland and East Riding

160
Q

What did the church still have after cromwell?

A

Its own financial system and courts

161
Q

When was Wolsey arrested?

A

1530, died before he could be tried/executed

162
Q

What were subject to wild variations?

A

Food prices

163
Q

What did Wolsey do when he was charged with praemunire?

A

Retired to Yorkshire, surrendered his possessions to the king.

164
Q

When was the Council in the North re-established?

A

1536

165
Q

What Scottish king invaded England in 1513?

A

James 4

166
Q

What did Henry 8 abolish days into his reign?

A

Council Learned in Law

167
Q

Who did Henry 8 ally with in 1543?

A

Charles V

168
Q

What was the 1534 succession act?

A

Removed Mary

169
Q

What was Henry 8’s normal income?

A

£110,000 / a year

170
Q

Early in Henry 8’s reign, when did France and Scotland renew the auld alliance?

A

1512

171
Q

Why was Pope Clement 7 reluctant to cooperate?

A

Charles V HRE + King of Spain opposed annulment. In May 1527 had taken Pope prisoner.

172
Q

When did Henry 8 marry Anne of Cleves?

A

1539

173
Q

Why did conciliar government break down by 1514?

A

Disagreements between Henry and councillors - war over France, preference for young courtiers

174
Q

How many did Henry take to France in 1513?

A

30,000

175
Q

At what battle did Charles V defeat Francis I?

A

Battle of Pavia

176
Q

How long did Campeggio take to travel?

A

Many months

177
Q

What happened with the Great Bible?

A

Distributed to every church, chained to pulpit

178
Q

What saint was particularly important to partakers in the Piligrimage of Grace?

A

Saint Wilfred

179
Q

What was humanism?

A

Belief you could improve mankind through religion

180
Q

What was Henry 8 accused of in his fake trial?

A

Living in sin due to his marriage with his brother’s widow

181
Q

When was first complete English Bible printed?

A

1535

182
Q

How much did 1554-46 war cost Henry 8?

A

£2 million

183
Q

How many soldiers did Henry send to SW France in 1512?

A

10,000

184
Q

Visual culture in Henry 8’s reign

A

Combined renaissance and gothic elements

185
Q

What battle took place with scotland in 1513?

A

Battle of Flodden

186
Q

Population change in Henry 8 reign

A

2.1 million to 2.9 million

187
Q

What was resentment of the dissolution exacerbated by?

A

Fears that parish churches would be attacked

188
Q

Coventry poverty

A

Effect of assessment for subsidies
Half of coventry had no personal wealth

189
Q

What was the Treaty of Bruges?

A

SECRET alliance between England and Charles V. Notably….. Wolsey negotiated not Henry.

190
Q

Who inherited Scottish throne after death of James V?

A

Mary, Queen of Scots

191
Q

What did the dissolution mean in terms of the House of Lords?

A

Clergy were a minority for first ever time

192
Q

What did Henry do in foreign policy in 1513?

A

Led an army himself to France

193
Q

What is a papal legate?

A

The pope’s personal representative

194
Q

What was the situation when Campeggio adjourned?

A

Did not agree to annulment

195
Q

How did Cromwell change the makeup of the council?

A

Instead of traditional nobility, trained lawyers and administrators

196
Q

Why did Thomas Fitzgerald rebel?

A

Break from Rome.

197
Q

How many prisoners taken in Scotland campaign?

A

1000

198
Q

Treaty of Cambrai

A

Charles V and Maximilian made peace with France - LEFT ENGLAND ISOLATED AS FUCK

199
Q

When did Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond die?

A

1536

200
Q

When had the Court of Star Chamber been established and why?

A

Henry 7’s reign
Offshoot of King’s Council

201
Q

When did Pope Paul 3 give the papal order that Henry 8 was essentially fair game to any catholic?

A

1538

202
Q

3 negative effects of population growth

A

Food shortages
More labour, wages stagnated
Urbanisation ….urban poverty

203
Q

Why did Henry 8 not push on in Scotland?

A

Too costly

204
Q

How many days was Henry 7’s death hidden?

A

Two

205
Q

What happened at the Battle of Flodden?

A

James 4 killed, much of Scottish nobility too

206
Q

Was Henry 8 interested in exploration?

A

No. Not at all.

207
Q

Effect of increase of agricultural prices

A

Increase in farming incomes
Increased wealth for husbandmen, yeomen, and landowners.

208
Q

What government position did Wolsey get in 1515?

A

Lord Chancellor

209
Q

Where boomed on the south coast?

A

Southampton

210
Q

What were Campeggio’s instructions from the pope?

A

Delay the hearing, ensure no verdict was reached.

211
Q

Example of how Henry 8 realised he could not push people too hard?

A

Supplemented revenue for 1544-46 war with monastic land profit, not taxes

212
Q

Where did Frances I send troops in 1545?

A

To Scotland to support an invasion

213
Q

How many houses did WOLSEY dissolve?

A

20 ish

214
Q

What can be said about Wolsey’s economic policy?

A

NO coherent policy

215
Q

When did population begin to grow?

A

1525

216
Q

Why did Anne and Henry 8 marry in secret?

A

She was pregnant!

217
Q

What did Henry 8 do with France in 1532?

A

Made a further alliance to pressurise Charles into supporting annulment - FAILED

218
Q

When did Wolsey call an enquiry into enclosure?

A

1517

219
Q

Who led the Ottoman turks?

A

Suleiman the magnificent

220
Q

What was the ‘reformation parliament’?

A

1529-36. Divorce and reform of church

221
Q

What did Wolsey do instead of using local commisioners to assess taxpayer’s wealth?

A

Set up network of royal comissioners he appointed himself

222
Q

What did the supression acts do?

A

Dissolve the monasteries

223
Q

New agricultural techniques

A

Crop rotation, superior breeding

224
Q

Which succession act re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as heirs?

A

1544

225
Q

Three failures of Conservative faction?

A

Catherine Howard beheaded, Cranmer led the investigation into himself, Henry 8 took his wife’s side when they plotted against Parr

226
Q

What is praemunire?

A

Using papal authority against the crown

227
Q

Non-spiritual reasons for dissolution

A

Nobles could be bought with land
To finance Henry’s army
Outdated? 1535 Poor Law provided support in villages, printing reduced need for scribes.

228
Q

Who founded St. Pauls School in London?

A

John Colet

229
Q

What did the execution of the Duke of Buckingham show?

A

Henry wouldn’t accept doubtful loyalty.
Wanted full support from nobles.

230
Q

How much was left to Henry 8?

A

Disputed. A lot. Either £300,000 or £1.5 million or £375 million

231
Q

2 groups in landed elites

A

Nobles
Gentry

232
Q

2 key members of conservative faction

A

Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner

233
Q

What was the point of a pension?

A

Would be paid to someone as long as they did not attack. E.g. Henry 7 £5000 a year.

234
Q

2 parties that Cromwell tried to ally to prior to the Treaty of Nice

A

The French
The League of Shmalkalden

235
Q

Why was 1514 french campaign cancelled?

A

France made peace with Ferdinand and Maximillian

236
Q

When was the Treaty of Amiens?

A

1527

237
Q

Where were Charles V and Henry 8 meant to march upon in 1544?

A

Paris

238
Q

What key incident spelled the end for Cromwell?

A

Anne of Cleves marriage

239
Q

Why did France and England agree peace in 1546?

A

Neither side could afford it

240
Q

Who did Mary (Henry 8’s sister) marry after Louis 12 died?

A

Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk
Henry’s best friend….
Didn’t tell him their plans!

241
Q

Two main bad harvests in Henry 8 reign?

A

1520-21 and 1527-29

242
Q

What was simony?

A

Buying church office

243
Q

Increase in gentry families by 1540 - what numebr did it reach?

A

5000

244
Q

How did Wolsey try to free the pope?

A

Used France alliance and renewal of warfare in Italy.

245
Q

How did James V pursue a pro-French policy?

A

Married Mary of Guise

246
Q

When were the ten articles?

A

1536

247
Q

The 4 secular reasons for P of G

A
  • Suffolk imposition (Lincolnshire)
  • Taxation
  • Tenants’ conerns (cumberland and westmoreland)
  • Courtly conspiracy to restore Mary as heir
248
Q

Where did Scots defeat England in 1545?

A

Battle of Ancrum Moor

249
Q

Why did Henry 8 marry Anne of Cleves?

A

Seeking an alliance with the protestant league of SHMALKALDEN

250
Q

Importance of Henry 8’s sister Margaret?

A

James 4’s wife - became regent when he died for James 5 (child)

251
Q

What’s significant about the sale of Tournai?

A

Less than what England spent rebuilding it!

252
Q

Second Act in Restraint of Annates

A

Annates paid to king. Court set up to administer

253
Q

Name a year where the Council in the North proved its use?

A

1549

254
Q

Which succession act removed Mary?

A

1534

255
Q

When did Wolsey become papal legate?

A

1518

256
Q

What were Lancashire, Chesire, and Durham prior to 1536?

A

Palatinates. Seperate jurisdictions.

257
Q

When did Wolsey extend the use of the court of Star Chamber?

A

1516

258
Q

Who was the Bishop of Durham in 1536?

A

Turnstall

259
Q

What was Cardinal Pole sent into Europe to do?

A

Rouse support for a crusade against Henry

260
Q

Were 1541 Irish reforms successful?

A

No. Lacked resources to follow through, little loyalty to English crown, governor only controlled the Pale in reality.

261
Q

Why did Wolsey suspend legal cases against enclosure?

A

Opposition from landlords in parliament

262
Q

What was the Truce of Nice?

A

Peace between France and Spain/HRE, ending the italian war

263
Q

What was the rumour associated with the 1536 injunctions?

A

Plates and jewels would be confiscated.

264
Q

What helped Henry’s position become more secure in 1539?

A

The relationship between Charles and Francis broke down.

265
Q

When did large monasteries begin being dissolved?

A

1539

266
Q

When did peace with Scotland last until following 1513?

A

Until 1542

267
Q

How did woollen cloth exports change?

A

Almost doubled

268
Q

What was the Amicable Grant in theory?

A

A voluntary gift to the king

269
Q

Benefit of Council of Wales and the Marches based in Ludlow?

A

Offered area relatively cheap and local access to the law.

270
Q

What market declined?

A

Raw wool

271
Q

When did the scots reject the Treaty of Greenwich?

A

December 1543

272
Q

When were the Six Articles?

A

1539

273
Q

What was significant about Francis and Charles at the Truce of Nice?

A

They couldn’t sit in the same room because they hated each other so much.

274
Q

Which Henry 8 children had humanist tutors?

A

Edward and Elizabeth

275
Q

What did Henry 8 do as a gesture of goodwill to nobility days into his reign?

A

Cancelled 175 bonds

276
Q

When did Maximilian die and who replaced him?

A

1519 - Charles V

277
Q

Two ports used less due to increased reliance on London

A

Bristol and Hull

278
Q

How many bishops resigned due to the Six Articles?

A

Two

279
Q

By 1536 what had changed in terms of legal precedence?

A

Statute law represented ultimate authority

280
Q

What noble was executed in 1521?

A

Duke of Buckingham

281
Q

How did Pope Paul 3 describe Henry 8?

A

The most cruel and abominable tyrant

282
Q

When did Henry 8 marry CofA

A

June 1509

283
Q

3 main types of corruption in the church

A

Pluralism, simony, non-residence

284
Q

When was Henry 8’s Bishops Book?

A

1537

285
Q

What court did Wolsey preside over?

A

Court of Chancery

286
Q

Was Lincolnshire rising or pilgrimage of grace more militant?

A

P of G

287
Q

How much was spent on 1522-25 wars?

A

£430,000

288
Q

How much did Field of the Cloth of Gold cost Henry?

A

£15,000

289
Q

What was the significance of the Act in Restraint of Appeals?

A

Catherine could not appeal annulment

290
Q

What was the 1544 succession act?

A

Re-legitimised Elizabeth and Mary

291
Q

What did Cromwell write about the King?

A

Everyone had to offer him total obedience as he was chosen by God.

292
Q

When did laws against engrossing and sheep ownership come in?

A

1534

293
Q

Who had administered Ireland up until 1534?

A

9th Earl of Kildare

294
Q

Henry 8 and humanism

A

Saw himself as a promoter of new ideas and humanism

295
Q

What did Cromwell do to the Palitanates, and when?

A

1536, brought them under English control

296
Q

By the end of Henry 8’s reign, what had humanist influences gained?

A

A lasting hold on universities

297
Q

When did Wolsey call a trial of Henry?

A

1527

298
Q

When did Thomas Fitzgerald rebel in Ireland?

A

1534

299
Q

When was the Treaty of Bruges?

A

1521

300
Q

How is Henry’s early FP best summarised?

A

Wanted glory and victory in France

301
Q

In Henry 8’s will, if E, M, E all died without heirs… who should succeed them?

A

Descendents of Mary (his sister) - Grandmother of Lady Jane Grey

302
Q

When did Henry 8 provide his final will?

A

1546

303
Q

Why did Lord Chancellor mean power for Wolsey?

A

A - In control of royal government
B - All courtiers had to go through him to speak to the king

304
Q

Holy League - year, enemy, members

A

1510 — France — England, HRE, Papacy

305
Q

Main thing imports increased of:

A

Wine

306
Q

When did Cardinal Campgeggio adjourn legatine court?

A

July 1529

307
Q

What battle did Henry win in 1513?

A

Battle of the Spurs

308
Q

First professor of Greek at Cambridge?

A

Erasmus

309
Q

When were the first set of royal injunctions?

A

1536

310
Q

What did Norfolk do with P of G rebels?

A

His forces met them.
Offered pardon to all of them.
Offered them lies.

311
Q

By 1547, how much of the confiscated property had been sold off?

A

Nearly 2/3

312
Q

What did first set of injunctions require?

A

Clergy to teach about 10 articles - lord’s prayer and commandments in english

313
Q

Why did Leo X call for European unity?

A

Wanted a crusade against expanding Ottoman Empire (muslims)

314
Q

What was the most important export in Henry 8’s reign?

A

Woollen cloth

315
Q

What did Henry 8 continue to use in localities, like his father?

A

Justices of the Peace instead of nobles

316
Q

What did enclosure and engrossment turn many peasants into?

A

Labourers or migrants

317
Q

Why did England suffer defeat at Gascony - and what year?

A

1512 - drunkedness, illness, most of all failure of Ferdinand of Spain to provide promised support

318
Q

What Scot signed the Treaty of Greenwich?

A

The Earl of Arran

319
Q

What made tensions worse with France in 1515?

A

Louis 12 died.
Francis I political AND personal rival.

320
Q

When did agricultural prices begin to rise?

A

1520s

321
Q

What was the Treaty of Greenwich?

A

1 - peace between England and Scotland
2 - betrothal of MQOS and Prince Edward
3 - steps towards uniting the two kingdoms

322
Q

What tension occured at the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A

Francis I beat Henry 8 at a wrestling match

323
Q

Where did Henry capture in 1513?

A

Therouanne and Tournai

324
Q

What was the Pact of Toledo?

A

Francis/Charles agreement to not enter any alliance without mutual consent. Severed connections with England.

325
Q

What did Henry 8 set up in his will?

A

A regency council for Edward

326
Q

How much was spent on 1512/13 wars?

A

£960,000

327
Q

What was the restraint of annates?

A

Annates were taxes paid by clergy upon taking up appointments to the papacy.

328
Q

What two lies did Norfolk tell P of G rebels?

A

1 - dissolved monasteries would be restored
2 - a free parliament would be established

329
Q

Most important English humanist writer

A

Thomas More

330
Q

Example of how insignificant 1513 gains were in France?

A

Tournai sold back to France in 1519

331
Q

What was Cranmer part of in Cambridge?

A

A group of German protestants

332
Q

When did Henry 8 bring in reforms in Ireland?

A

1541

333
Q

What did Henry 8 promise to send into France with the Treaty of Bruges?

A

30,000 men

334
Q

What were parliament encouraged to do in 1529?

A

Voice anti-clerical feelings

335
Q

What was the reason Wolsey was awarded with papal legate?

A

Organisation of the treaty of london

336
Q

Two ways the increase in power of parliament was temporary?

A

Henry 8 barely called it in the 1540s
Liz 1 didn’t use it as much

337
Q

What was the 1546 France/England peace deal?

A

Treaty of Andres

338
Q

When did Wolsey introduce the Eltham Ordinances?

A

1526

339
Q

What ship of Henry’s was sunk by the French and when?

A

1545 - his flagship the Mary Rose

340
Q

When did Henry ask Wolsey for papal dispensation for annulment?

A

1525

341
Q

When was Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A

1520

342
Q

What did the Court of First Fruits and Tenths do?

A

Clergy had to pay a portion of their first year income (annates) and 10% thereafter. Administered this income.

343
Q

When did Cromwell rise to power?

A

1532

344
Q

1542 victory against Scotland

A

Military successes throughout campaign.
Battle of Solway Moss

345
Q

Example of businessman who grew power

A

William Stumpe became MP and high sheriff

346
Q

What was the 1544 agreement between Charles V and Francis I?

A

Treaty of Crepy. Seperate peace, allowed France to threaten counterattack on England

347
Q

Where did Charles V also gain control of beyond Spain and HRE?

A

Burgundy

348
Q

2 key members of reform faction

A

Edward Seymour, Archbishop Cranmer

349
Q

What did northerners resent in regards to the Council in the North?

A

Appointment of southerners

350
Q

Who did Henry 8 and Charles V blame for not marching on Paris?

A

Each other

351
Q

What was the Act for Advancement of True Religion do?

A

Restricted public reading of the bible to upper-class males.

352
Q

3 people who established themselves in power very quickly after Henry 7 died?

A

Fox, Lovell, Weston

353
Q

How many refusals of Amicable Grant did Norfolk and Suffolk face?

A

4000

354
Q

What did the clergy have to do because they were accused of praemunire?

A

Pay £118,000 as a fine

355
Q

Suffolk relation to P of G?

A

Hatred towards his imposition in Lincolnshire as a magnate

356
Q

How long after Battle of Solway Moss did James V die?

A

Less than a week

357
Q

When did Henry 8 come to the throne?

A

April 1509

358
Q

What did Henry 8 and Cromwell re-establish in 1536?

A

Council in the North

359
Q

What did the pope agree to do for catherine?

A

Move hearing to Rome. Essentially ended it.

360
Q

Why did Wolsey’s efforts to free the pope fail?

A

Charles V was too entrenched in Italy

361
Q

When did Ferdinand of Spain die and who replaced him?

A

1516 - Charles V

362
Q

What was the Amicable Grant in practice?

A

Heavy tax levied without parliament’s approval. Based on property values. Ordinary people!!!!

363
Q

What could monarch still do when parliament was not sitting?

A

Govern by proclamation

364
Q

Who did Mary (henry 8 sister) marry in 1514?

A

King of France, Louis 12

365
Q

Where were scholars from Oxbridge sent in 1530?

A

To European universities to find support for the DIVORCE

366
Q

Why did P of G oppose 1536 injunctions?

A
  • Discouragement of locally important saints
  • Discouraged pilgrimages
  • Rumours that plates + jewels would be confiscated
367
Q

What was Wolsey charged with?

A

Praemunire

368
Q

On what day of the reign were Empson and Dudley arrested?

A

The first

369
Q

When was the King’s Book?

A

1543

370
Q

Who continued their involvement in an Iceland and Newfoundland fishery?

A

Robert Thorne

371
Q

What did the Court of Augmentations do?

A

Administer monastic lands and revenue

372
Q

3 reasons P of G opposed dissolution of SMALLER monasteries

A

Charitable/educational functions
Fear of attacks on parish churches
Fear northern lands would be sold off to southerners.

373
Q

When was the second set of injunctions?

A

1538

374
Q

3 aspects of Cromwell’s 1536 Wales Act

A

Representation in House of Commons.
Same legal framework as England.
Divided into counties operating like England (e.g, JPs)

375
Q

In 1536, what was the Bishop of Durham allowed to keep?

A

SOME independence of jurisdiction

376
Q

Who did Henry 8 use to advance the theological argument for his annulment?

A

Thomas Cranmer