white matter

Question 1

the process by which stimuli are converted to action potentials by sensory receptors

Answer 1

transduction

Question 2

the process by which nerve signals enter and ascend the CNS in various tracts

Answer 2

transmission

Question 3

the process by which electrochemical activity from other ascending inputs or signals descending from the brain can increase or decrease sensory transmission

Answer 3

modulation

Question 4

the process by which the intensity of sensory input to the cerebral cortex can be controlled

Answer 4

modulation

Question 5

the process which results in subjective feelings. can be altered by many phenomena

Answer 5

perception

Question 6

relatively large expanses of myenlinated tracts

Answer 6

white matter

Question 7

bundles of axons in the CNS

Answer 7

tracts

Question 8

fibres that connect and transmit impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere

Answer 8

association fibres

Question 9

fibres that transmit impulses from the gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere

Answer 9

commissural fibres

Question 10

the largest of the commissural tracts

Answer 10

corpus callosum

Question 11

tract that functions for one hemisphere to assert dominance over another

Answer 11

corpus callosum

Question 12

fibres that form tracts that transmit action potentials between the cerebrum and other parts of the CNS

Answer 12

projection fibres

Question 13

ascending tract. somatosensory information regarding fine touch, two-point discrimination and conscious proprioception excluding the head

Answer 13

dorsal column

Question 14

the majority of neurons that enter the dorsal column become what two things

Answer 14

fasciculus gracilis or facsciculus cuneatus

Question 15

two structures that decussate (cross over) the brainstem

Answer 15

dorsal column and cranial nerve 5

Question 16

ascending tracts. sensory pathways from the skin to the thalamus

Answer 16

spinothalamic tracts

Question 17

ascending tracts that relays nociceptive pain, temperature, and poorly localized touch

Answer 17

spinothalamic tracts

Question 18

where does sensory information relay to from the thalamus

Answer 18

somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus

Question 19

at what level do the spinothalamic tracts decussate

Answer 19

spinal cord

Question 20

where are upper motor neuron cell bodies located

Answer 20

motor cortex

Question 21

where are lower motor neuron cell bodies located

Answer 21

brainstem and spinal cord

Question 22

structure through which upper motor neurons leave the motor cortex and cross to the contralateral side at the brain stem, synapsing with lower motor neurons in the head (cranial nerves)

Answer 22

corticobulbar tract

Question 23

structure through which upper motor neurons leave the motor cortex and synapse with lower motor neurons in the spinal cord that control the rest of the body

Answer 23

corticospinal tract

Question 24

what cranial nerves do neurons from the corticospinal tract synapse with

Answer 24

CN5 and CN7

Question 25

what do the lower motor neurons from the corticospinal tract innervate with

Answer 25

skeletal/voluntary muscle

Question 26

the "elevated area" of the corticospinal tract in which axons decussate to the other side of the body in the distal medulla

Answer 26

pyramidal decussation

Question 27

a massive layer of white matter about 9mm thick, consisting of ascending and descending projection fibres

Answer 27

internal capsule

Question 28

the major route by which the cerebral cortex is connected to the brain and spinal cord

Answer 28

internal capsule

Question 29

the most common stroke location

Answer 29

part of the internal capsule which carries the corticospinal tract

Question 30

a sudden loss of brain function caused by a blockage or rupture of a blood vessel to the brain

Answer 30

stroke

Question 31

the leading cause of morbidity and the third leading cause of mortality in north america

Answer 31

stroke

Question 32

type of stroke that's rarely big enough to affect an entire half of the body, instead affecting the hands or face

Answer 32

cortical strokes

Question 33

weakness of a unilateral side of the body

Answer 33

hemiparesis

Question 34

paralysis of a unilateral side of the body

Answer 34

hemiplegia

Question 35

expand the FAST acronym

Answer 35

Face weakness, raising Arms overhead, Speech impairment or confusion, Time to call 911

Question 36

what response is triggered by the plantar reflex in normal adults

Answer 36

flexor response

Question 37

the plantar reflex triggers this response in newborn babies, and is called Babinski's sign

Answer 37

extensor reflex

Question 38

why does Babinski's sign occur

Answer 38

partial myelination of the nerves involve in the plantar reflex

Question 39

a positive babinski sign in adults can identify problems with what structure

Answer 39

corticospinal tract

Question 40

where do indirect pathways originate

Answer 40

brainstem

Question 41

system usually involved in gross movement rather than fine movement

Answer 41

extramyramidal system

Question 42

function of indirect/extrapyramidal pathways

Answer 42

maintain upright posture against gravity

Question 43

dysfunction of indirect pathways can include what 2 issues

Answer 43

mask face, difficulty arm swinging during walking