neuroglia Flashcards
1
Q
term for brain and spinal cord
A
central nervous system
2
Q
everything outside the central nervous system
A
peripheral nervous system
3
Q
system that carries afferent information to the CNS and carries efferent instructions from the CNS to effectors
A
peripheral nervous system
4
Q
division of the PNS: controls skeletal muscles
A
somatic nervous system
5
Q
division of the PNS: controls heart, smooth muscle in viscera, blood vessels, and glands
A
autonomic nervous system
6
Q
division of the ANS: resting and digesting. the Vagus nerve carries most of the output
A
parasympathetic nervous system
7
Q
division of the ANS: fight or flight
A
sympathetic nervous system
8
Q
system that controls the GI tract
A
enteric nervous system
9
Q
term meaning “glue,” cells that protect and support neurons
A
glia
10
Q
myelin-producing cells of the PNS, wraps around about two millimeters of an axon
A
schwann cell
11
Q
alternate term for axon
A
nerve fiber
12
Q
alternate term for neuron
A
nerve cell
13
Q
small gap between schwann cells along an axon
A
node of ranvier
14
Q
shwann cells secrete a fatty myelin sheath that does what?
A
protect and insulate nerve fibres, increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
15
Q
aka for cell body
A
soma
16
Q
input portion of a neuron
A
dendrite
17
Q
output portion of a neuron
A
axon
18
Q
main purpose of a myelin layer/sheath
A
increase the speed at which impulses propagate along an axon. prevent nerve signal leakage into the surrounding interstitial fluid
19
Q
name for cell membrane of schwann cells that form a covering for the axon
A
neurilemma
20
Q
what is the neurilemma crucial for?
A
regeneration of damaged tissues
21
Q
why are oligodendrocytes less effective at self repair?
A
no neurilemma
22
Q
any of the fibres in the cytoplasm of a nerve fibre
A
neurofibrils
23
Q
structure in the cytoplasm that play a role in the transports of substances within cytoplasm
A
neurofibrils
24
Q
how does the neurilemma contribute to the regeneration of nerve fibres?
A
forms a regeneration tube through which the axon re-establishes its original connection
25
how long after injury does it approximately take for schwann cells to phagocytose and replace damaged myelin?
1 week
26
myelin-producing cells in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
27
a disease that attacks oligodendrocytes
multiple sclerosis
28
star-shaped cells. most numerous of the CNS glial cells
astrocytes
29
glial cells that provide physical support to the fragile neurons, forming a matrix that keeps neurons in place
astrocytes
30
glial cells that have long, highly branched processes which end on the walls of capillaries. contribute to the blood-brain barrier
astrocytes
31
a complex filtration system that alters the permeability of brain capillaries
blood-brain barrier
32
structure that severely limits the passage of many harmful substances from blood to the neurons
blood-brain barrier
33
a substance that in excess causes excitotoxicity
glutamate
34
term for when cells become overexcited and die
excitotoxicity
35
structure that hinders the delivery of many potentially important therapeutic agents to the brain
blood-brain barrier
36
structure that is permeable to alcohol, amphetamines, and some toxic metals. efficiency can be affected by trauma, radiation, hypertension, and infection
blood-brain barrier
37
a presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and astrocyte wrap around neurons to form what?
tripartite synapse
38
structural changes in the brain in response to new situations
neuroplasticity
39
the tripartite synapse contributes to what in the brain?
neuroplasticity
40
glial cells in the PNS that cover the surface of the cell body of unipolar neurons
satellite glial cells
41
glial cells that supply nutrients to the surrounding neurons, act as protective/cushioning cells
satellite glial cells
42
immune system cells that recognize, engulfe, and destroy infected/damaged/dead cells
macrophages
43
the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS
microglia
44
cells that facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain
microglia
45
substance released by cells that affect the behaviour of other cells
cytokines
46
substance that can be transported to the brain via the blood or by the vagus nerve. come in pro and anti inflammatory varieties
cytokines
47
reaction for which the signs are swelling, heat, altered function, redness, and pain
peripheral inflammation
48
reaction in the CNS that may resemble peripheral inflammation in some situations
neuroinflammation
49
reaction in the CNS that can be used to identify a different event driven by microglial cells, showing few if any of the cardinal signs of peripheral inflammation
neuroinflammation
50
process that is aimed at destroying infected neurons, viruses, and bacteria, but can also cause large amounts of collateral damage to healthy neurons
cytotoxic secretion by microglia
51
exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behaviour, depressive-like behaviour, and cognitive deficits are the consequences of what?
microglial hyperactivation following immune challenge
52
term for "self perpetuating neurotoxicity"
reactive microgliosis
53
3 connective tissue layers that protect the CNS from rubbing against the bones of the skull and spine
meninges
54
the tough fibrous outer layer of the meninges
dura mater
55
part of the meninges that has 2 layers, the outer layer anchors the inner layer to the skull
dura mater
56
the delicate fibrous middle membrane of the meninges
arachnoid membrane
57
inner delicate vascularized membrane of the meninges that firmly adheres to the brain
pia mater
58
cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
ependymal cells
59
four connecting cavities of the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles of the brain
60
a clear, colourless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a blow to the head
cerebrospinal fluid
61
substance that serves to transport hormones to other areas of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
62
substance produced by ependymal cells and comes from filtered blood in the ventricals of the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
63
where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?
subarachnoid space
64
what helps to move CSF along?
cilia on the surface of ependymal cells
65
what is the normal total volume of CSF?
125-150 ml
66
what is the normal total production of CSF?
400-500 ml/day
67
structures that carry absorbed cerebrospinal fluid back to the blood
dural/cranial sinuses
68
vessel that carries reabsorbed CSF back to the blood
internal jugular veins of the neck
69
structures found between the two layers of the dura mater
dural/cranial sinuses
70
the upper dome-like portion of the skull
calvaria
71
aka for the layer of spongy bone in the calvaria
diploe
72
structure that gives the skull roof stiffness while leaving it reasonably light
diploe
73
vessels that drain the diploic space to prevent the brain from overheating
diploic veins
74
vessels in the skull that are drained by emissary veins travelling in the skull foramina
diploic veins
75
a localized mass of extravasated (outside the blood vessel) blood, usually clotted
hematoma
76
where do hematomas occur?
subdural and epidural spaces
77
blood vessel that lies in a groove in a part of the parietal bone that is very thin in the region of the temple
middle meningeal artery
78
an old collection of blood and blood breakdown products between the surface of the brain and the dura
chronic subdural hematoma
79
the non-neuron components of the nervous system, do not produce electrical impulses
glia
80
an active process that results when a preripheral nerve fiber is cut or crushed
Wallerian degeneration
81
a bundle of axons in the PNS
nerve
82
a bundle of axons in the CNS
tract
83
aka for nerve fiber
axon
84
aka for nerve cell
neuron
85
nerves composed of bundles of parallel nerve axons, embedded within multilayers of connective tissue
peripheral nerves
86
connective tissue that wraps around axons and is bundled into fascicles by the perineurium
endoneurium
87
the sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve
perineurium
88
a bundle of nerve fibers within a nerve
fascicle
89
the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve
epineurium
90
layer of connective tissue that usually surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as blood vessels which supply the nerve
epineurium
91
a mixture of proteins and lipids forming an insulating sheath around many nerve fibers
myelin
92
substance that increases the speed at which impulses are conducted
myelin
93
delicate capillary network in the endoneurium that supplies peripheral nerves with blood
vasa nervorum
94
how much blood do peripheral nerves require to function?
uninterrupted supply
95
type of cell that wraps around an axon
schwann cell
96
cell that forms a fatty myelin sheath that protects and insulates nerve fibers from one another
schwann cell
97
cells that clear away debris such as damaged tissue in response to peripheral nerve injury
macrophages and schwann cells
98
what do macrophages and schwann cells release upon injury to the peripheral nerve
neurotrophic factors that enhance regrowth
99
cells created in a band during Wallerian degeneration
Bunger cells
100
What is the growth rate for human axons in small and large nerves?
small: 2mm/day, large: 5mm/day
101
how does CNS injury differ from PNS injury
CNS is not followed by extensive regeneration
102
what treatments exist for recovering human nerve function after CNS injury?
none
103
immune system cells that recognize, engulf, and destroy infected, damaged, or dead cells
macrophages
104
the resident macrophage immune cells of the CNS
microglia
105
what do microglia do?
facilitate and coordinate responses between the peripheral immune system and the brain
106
substances released by cells that the behaviour of other cells
cytokines
107
how many cardinal signs of inflammation are present during neuroinflammation driven by microglial cells
few if any
108
a process that can be aimed at destroying infected neurons, viruses, and bacteria, but can also cause large amounts of collateral damage to healthy neurons
cytotoxic secretion by microglia
109
the consequences of microglial hyper-activation following immune challenge
exaggerated neuroinflammation, sickness behaviour, depressive behaviour, cognitive deficits
110
what does microglia activation help in the young?
mounting the appropriate responses following peripheral infection
111
in the aged, there the increase of inflammatory receptors on microglia. What are these microglia referred as
primed, reactive, or sensitized microglia
112
a diverse group of plant substances found in a variety of fruits and vegetables. May improve congnitive function by inhibiting neuroinflammation
flavonoids
113
star shaped cells
astrocytes
114
cells that regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation of brain blood vessels
astrocytes
115
cells that can recycle neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission
astrocytes
116
structure that protects and filters blood for the brain
blood brain barrier
117
synapse formed by a presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, and an astrocyte
tripartite synapse
118
synapse that contributes to neural plasticity
tripartite synapse
119
structural changes in the brain in response to new information/stimuli/injury
neuroplasticity
120
a heightened response to painful stimuli
hyperalgesia
121
a painful response to a normally non-painful stimulus
allodynia
122
cells lining the ventricles of the brain
ependymal cells
123
cells that filter blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid
ependymal cells
124
a clear, colourless liquid that acts to lessen the impact of a blow to the head
cerebrospinal fluid
