sensory receptors Flashcards
1
Q
the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body without the use of vision
A
proprioception
2
Q
the perception of the outside world
A
exteroception
3
Q
the perception of bodily sensations including pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, visceral sensations, hunger, thirst, “air hunger”, and emotional awareness
A
interoception
4
Q
a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and turns it into action potentials
A
sensory receptor
5
Q
structure that could be a specialized portion of the neuronal membrane, a separate cell associated with a neuron ending, or a group of sensory cells (sense organ)
A
sensory receptor
6
Q
decreased CNS response to a repeated stimulus
A
habituation
7
Q
increased CNS response to a repeated stimulus
A
sensitization
8
Q
what kind of nerve endings are all nociceptors?
A
free
9
Q
test of proprioception involving keeping balanced with closed eyes
A
romber’s test
10
Q
all unipolar neurons are what type of neuron?
A
sensory/afferent
11
Q
what kind of neurons are AKA first order neurons?
A
unipolar
12
Q
attachments that are always on unipolar neurons
A
transducer/converter or sensory receptor
13
Q
most sensory receptors are attached to these neurons
A
unipolar
14
Q
neuron that has a single process arising from its cell body
A
unipolar
15
Q
process of unipolar neuron splits into this structure, always associated with a sensory receptor
A
peripheral axon
16
Q
process of unipolar neuron splits into this structure, always enters the CNS
A
central axon
17
Q
term for each sensory receptor responding most readily to one particular form of energy
A
adequate stimulus
18
Q
all sensory receptors are able to convert stimulus energy into what?
A
action potentials
19
Q
term for a neuron in the process of sending a nerve impulse
A
firing/depolarizing
20
Q
the decrease in sensory receptor sensitivity in the PNS during a long-lasting stimulus
A
adaptation
21
Q
term for receptors which continue to respond throughout the duration of a prolonged stiumulus
A
slow adapting/tonic receptors
22
Q
receptors that respond best to change
A
fast adapting/phasic receptors
23
Q
the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before a change can be noticed
A
difference threshold
24
Q
the change needed to notice a different between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus
A
weber’s law
25
nociceptors are examples of what kind of receptor?
slow adapting/tonic
26
olfactory receptors are examples of what kind of receptor?
fast adapting/phasic
27
a defined area every receptor has in the periphery, over which it can receive input
receptive field
28
the ability to accurately locate the site of stimulation and to detect that the neighbouring stimuli are actually separate
spatial discrimination
29
on what is the tactile sensitivity of spatial discrimination dependent?
the density of receptors and size of receptive fields in the region
30
the minimal distance in which two separate stimuli can be distinguished as separate
two-point threshold
31
suffix meaning "cut"
tomy
32
an area of the skin that is a combination of the receptive field of the sensory axons originating from a single nerve
dermatome
33
how are dermatomes named?
according to the spinal nerve supply
34
what cervical vertebra doesn't have a dermatome?
c1
35
dermatome on lateral shoulder and arm
c5
36
dermatome on the radial border of the hand
c6
37
dermatome on the middle finger
c7
38
dermatome on the ulnar border of the hand
c8
39
dermatome on the medial elbow
t1
40
dermatomes on the intercostals, forming segmental strips on the thorax
t2-12
41
dermatome across the umbilicus
t10
42
dermatome that goes across the upper edge of the pubic bone
t12
43
sensory receptors that respond with a burst of activity when a stimulus is first applied, but then quickly decreases its firing rate
phasic/fast adapting
44
sensory receptors that produce a relatively constant rate of firing as long as the stimulus is maintained
tonic/slow adapting
45
what receptors alert us to changes in sensory stimuli
phasic/fast adapting
46
what receptors are partially responsible for the fact that we can cease paying attention to constant stimuli?
phasic/fast acting
47
unmyelinated terminal branches of a neuron
naked/free nerve endings (sensory receptors)
48
sensory receptors with a CT capsule surrounding accessory structures
encapsulated sensory receptors
49
sensory receptors that are often referred to as sense organs
encapsulated sensory receptors
50
sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis
cutaneous receptors
51
tactile receptor that responds to light touch, generally associated with glabrous skin
meissner's corpuscles
52
word for "body"
corpuscle
53
tactile receptor that responds to light touch, generally found on skin with hair
merkel's disk
54
term meaning "hairless"
glabrous
55
corpuscles sensitive to skin stretch, allowing modulation of grip on an object
ruffini's corpuscles
56
corpuscles found deep in the dermis and joints. perform as on/off deep touch vibration receptors
pacinian corpuscles
57
multi-layered capsules with many branched nerve endings, thought to help us feel extreme cold
bulbs of kraus
58
fibres that have been linked to pleasant touch behaviour. the most responsive during slow gentle stroking. found on skin with hair
C tactile fibres
59
receptors that respond to light
photoreceptors
60
receptors that respond to chemical stimuli
chemoreceptors
61
receptors that respond to temperature
thermoreceptors
62
receptors that respond to mechanical stress and depolarize when their membranes are physically stretched
mechanoreceptors
63
form meaning "tapers at both sides"
fusiform
64
receptor that detects both the rate of change in muscle length and static length of muscles
muscle spindles
65
receptors that are distributed throughout normal skeletal muscle
muscle spindles
66
receptors that consist of instrafusal muscle fibres and peripheral axons of 1a sensory neurons spiraled around them
muscle spindles
67
receptors that detect and communicate proprioception and velocity to the CNS
muscle spindles
68
aka for extrafusal fibres
skeletal muscles
69
where are muscle spindles found in the greatest abundhance?
hands and feet
70
the most abundant type of Lower Motor Neuron
alpha motor neuron
71
neurons whose cell bodies are located in the spinal cord and brainstem
lower motor neuron
72
neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibres (skeletal muscle cells) outside of the spindle
alpha motor neurons
73
lower motor neurons that innervate intrafusal fibres
gamma motor neurons
74
motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
gamma motor neurons
75
motor neurons that do not directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles
gamma motor neurons
76
motor neurons that directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles
alpha motor neurons
77
motor neurons that adjust the sensitivity of muscle spindles
gamma motor neurons
78
a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle
stretch reflex
79
what happens to nerve activity when a muscle spindle is stretch?
increases
80
a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length
stretch reflex
81
the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction to the other side of that joint
reciprocal inhibition
82
difficulty in flexion and extension is an indicator of what kind of gamma output?
high gamma output/gamma bias
83
name for neuron coming from a Golgi Tendon Organ
1b fibre
84
the function of the Golgi Tendon Organ
monitor muscle tension
85
where are golgi tendon organs located
near the transition between muscle and tendon (musculotendinous junction)
86
in what two circumstances will a GTO respond?
active contraction or passive stretch of a muscle
87
what occurs when a muscle contractions exceeds a certain threshold
autogenic inhibition
88
name of function where the muscle relaxes due to the influence of GTOs contained contained in its own musculotendinous junction
autogenic inhibition
89
specialized nerve cells that detect noxious stimuli or things that could potentially damage the body
nociceptors
90
two major types of nociceptors
A-Delta and C (C-PMN, polymodal)
91
which of the two major types of nociceptors is myelinated
A-delta
92
which of the two major types of nociceptors responds to thermal, mechanichal, and chemical stimulus
C
93
which of the two major types of nociceptors responds to mechanical stimulus that can potentially damage tissue
A-Delta
94
which of the two major types of nociceptors carries fast associated neuron speed
A-Delta
95
which of the two major types of nociceptors relates to deeper skin and every other tissue, except nervous
C
96
which of the two major types of nociceptors has small, sharply delineated receptive fields
A-Delta
97
which of the two major types of nociceptors percieves sharp, stinging, cutting, and sabbing types of pain
A-Delta
98
which of the two major types of nociceptors deals with the withdrawal response to pain
A-Delta
99
which of the two major types of nociceptors is not myelinated
C
100
which of the two major types of nociceptors carries slow associated neuron speed
C
101
which of the two major types of nociceptors relates to superficial skin and infoldings of the alimentary canal
C
102
which of the two major types of nociceptors has large, vaguely deliniated receptive fields
C
103
which of the two major types of nociceptors percieves dull, burning, aching, throbbing, and itching types of pain
C
104
which of the two major types of nociceptors deals with the immobilization response to pain
C
105
which of the two major types of nociceptors monitor algogenic substances released into the extracellular fluid when cells are injured or distroyed
C
106
substances that produce pain
algogenic substances
107
leaked intracellular contents, histamine, and prostaglandins are examples of what?
algogenic substances
108
can be caused by damage to the nervous system itself, due to disease or trauma
neuropathic/neurogenic pain
109
how is pain modulated?
interpreted and perceived by the brain, then modulated by various CNS mechanisms
110
what is a stimulus
a detectable change in the internal or external environment
111
what makes up a nerve impulse
electrical event and a chemical event
112
what is transduction
the process by which stimuli are converted to action potentials by sensory receptors
113
what is transmission
the process by which nerve signals enter and ascend the CNS in various tracts
114
what is modulation
the process by which electrochemical activity form other ascending inputs
115
what is a spinal/dorsal root ganglion
a cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve
116
define ganglion
a collection of cell bodies in the PNS
117
define Difference Threshold
the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before a change is noticed
118
what is Weber's law
the change needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus
119
what is a receptive field
a defined area in the periphery over which a receptor can receive input
120
what is spatial discrimination
the ability to accurately locate the site of stimulation and detect that neighboring stimuli are separate
121
what is the two-point threshold
the minimal distance in which two separate stimuli can be distinguished as separate
122
which spinal nerve innervates the trapezius
c3
123
which spinal nerve innervates the medial shoulder
c4
124
which spinal nerve innervates the lateral shoulder and arm
c5
125
which spinal nerve innervates the radial border of the hand
c6
126
which spinal nerve innervates the middle finger
c7
127
which spinal nerve innervates the ulnar border of the hand
c8
128
which spinal nerve innervates the medial elbow region
t1
129
which spinal nerve innervates the intersection of the midclavicular line, at the horizontal level of the umbilicus
t10
130
which spinal nerve innervates the medial malleolus
l4
131
which spinal nerve innervates the middle dorsum of the foot
l5
132
which spinal nerve innervates the lateral calcaneus
s1
133
what is a haptic sensor
a sensor relating to the perception and manipulation of objects using touch and proprioception
134
what sensations do mechanoreceptors perceive
pressure, vibrations, texture
135
what does the Krause end bulb do
detect cold
136
what do Ruffini terminals detect?
skin stretch, deformation within joints, slippage of objects along the surface of the skin
137
what do Pacinian corpuscles detect
transient pressure and high frequency vibration
138
what are Merkel's disks
slowly adapting haptic receptors that perceive when and how long you are touching something
139
what are Meissner's corpuscles
fast adapting haptic receptors that perceive when and how long you are touching something
140
what fibers are linked to pleasant touch
C tactile fibers
141
what is referred pain
pain percieved at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus
142
where can the gallbladder refer pain to
ipsilateral shoulder
143
what do muscle spindles monitor
muscle stretch
144
define reflex
a fast predictable sequence of involuntary actions in response to certain stimuli
145
define reflex arc
anatomic pathways having afferent and efferent components that carry out reflex responses
146
what are the basic components of a reflex arc
receptor, afferent neuron, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors
147
define tract
a bundle of axons in the CNS
148
define ascending tracts
tracts that carry sensory information to the brain from receptors
149
define descending tracts
tracts that carry motor information to effectors
