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Neurology > sensory receptors > Flashcards

sensory receptors Flashcards

1
Q

the sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body without the use of vision

A

proprioception

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2
Q

the perception of the outside world

A

exteroception

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3
Q

the perception of bodily sensations including pain, temperature, itch, sensual touch, visceral sensations, hunger, thirst, “air hunger”, and emotional awareness

A

interoception

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4
Q

a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism and turns it into action potentials

A

sensory receptor

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5
Q

structure that could be a specialized portion of the neuronal membrane, a separate cell associated with a neuron ending, or a group of sensory cells (sense organ)

A

sensory receptor

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6
Q

decreased CNS response to a repeated stimulus

A

habituation

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7
Q

increased CNS response to a repeated stimulus

A

sensitization

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8
Q

what kind of nerve endings are all nociceptors?

A

free

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9
Q

test of proprioception involving keeping balanced with closed eyes

A

romber’s test

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10
Q

all unipolar neurons are what type of neuron?

A

sensory/afferent

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11
Q

what kind of neurons are AKA first order neurons?

A

unipolar

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12
Q

attachments that are always on unipolar neurons

A

transducer/converter or sensory receptor

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13
Q

most sensory receptors are attached to these neurons

A

unipolar

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14
Q

neuron that has a single process arising from its cell body

A

unipolar

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15
Q

process of unipolar neuron splits into this structure, always associated with a sensory receptor

A

peripheral axon

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16
Q

process of unipolar neuron splits into this structure, always enters the CNS

A

central axon

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17
Q

term for each sensory receptor responding most readily to one particular form of energy

A

adequate stimulus

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18
Q

all sensory receptors are able to convert stimulus energy into what?

A

action potentials

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19
Q

term for a neuron in the process of sending a nerve impulse

A

firing/depolarizing

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20
Q

the decrease in sensory receptor sensitivity in the PNS during a long-lasting stimulus

A

adaptation

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21
Q

term for receptors which continue to respond throughout the duration of a prolonged stiumulus

A

slow adapting/tonic receptors

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22
Q

receptors that respond best to change

A

fast adapting/phasic receptors

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23
Q

the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before a change can be noticed

A

difference threshold

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24
Q

the change needed to notice a different between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

A

weber’s law

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25
Q

nociceptors are examples of what kind of receptor?

A

slow adapting/tonic

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26
Q

olfactory receptors are examples of what kind of receptor?

A

fast adapting/phasic

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27
Q

a defined area every receptor has in the periphery, over which it can receive input

A

receptive field

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28
Q

the ability to accurately locate the site of stimulation and to detect that the neighbouring stimuli are actually separate

A

spatial discrimination

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29
Q

on what is the tactile sensitivity of spatial discrimination dependent?

A

the density of receptors and size of receptive fields in the region

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30
Q

the minimal distance in which two separate stimuli can be distinguished as separate

A

two-point threshold

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31
Q

suffix meaning “cut”

A

tomy

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32
Q

an area of the skin that is a combination of the receptive field of the sensory axons originating from a single nerve

A

dermatome

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33
Q

how are dermatomes named?

A

according to the spinal nerve supply

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34
Q

what cervical vertebra doesn’t have a dermatome?

A

c1

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35
Q

dermatome on lateral shoulder and arm

A

c5

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36
Q

dermatome on the radial border of the hand

A

c6

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37
Q

dermatome on the middle finger

A

c7

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38
Q

dermatome on the ulnar border of the hand

A

c8

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39
Q

dermatome on the medial elbow

A

t1

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40
Q

dermatomes on the intercostals, forming segmental strips on the thorax

A

t2-12

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41
Q

dermatome across the umbilicus

A

t10

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42
Q

dermatome that goes across the upper edge of the pubic bone

A

t12

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43
Q

sensory receptors that respond with a burst of activity when a stimulus is first applied, but then quickly decreases its firing rate

A

phasic/fast adapting

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44
Q

sensory receptors that produce a relatively constant rate of firing as long as the stimulus is maintained

A

tonic/slow adapting

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45
Q

what receptors alert us to changes in sensory stimuli

A

phasic/fast adapting

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46
Q

what receptors are partially responsible for the fact that we can cease paying attention to constant stimuli?

A

phasic/fast acting

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47
Q

unmyelinated terminal branches of a neuron

A

naked/free nerve endings (sensory receptors)

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48
Q

sensory receptors with a CT capsule surrounding accessory structures

A

encapsulated sensory receptors

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49
Q

sensory receptors that are often referred to as sense organs

A

encapsulated sensory receptors

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50
Q

sensory receptors found in the dermis or epidermis

A

cutaneous receptors

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51
Q

tactile receptor that responds to light touch, generally associated with glabrous skin

A

meissner’s corpuscles

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52
Q

word for “body”

A

corpuscle

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53
Q

tactile receptor that responds to light touch, generally found on skin with hair

A

merkel’s disk

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54
Q

term meaning “hairless”

A

glabrous

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55
Q

corpuscles sensitive to skin stretch, allowing modulation of grip on an object

A

ruffini’s corpuscles

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56
Q

corpuscles found deep in the dermis and joints. perform as on/off deep touch vibration receptors

A

pacinian corpuscles

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57
Q

multi-layered capsules with many branched nerve endings, thought to help us feel extreme cold

A

bulbs of kraus

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58
Q

fibres that have been linked to pleasant touch behaviour. the most responsive during slow gentle stroking. found on skin with hair

A

C tactile fibres

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59
Q

receptors that respond to light

A

photoreceptors

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60
Q

receptors that respond to chemical stimuli

A

chemoreceptors

61
Q

receptors that respond to temperature

A

thermoreceptors

62
Q

receptors that respond to mechanical stress and depolarize when their membranes are physically stretched

A

mechanoreceptors

63
Q

form meaning “tapers at both sides”

A

fusiform

64
Q

receptor that detects both the rate of change in muscle length and static length of muscles

A

muscle spindles

65
Q

receptors that are distributed throughout normal skeletal muscle

A

muscle spindles

66
Q

receptors that consist of instrafusal muscle fibres and peripheral axons of 1a sensory neurons spiraled around them

A

muscle spindles

67
Q

receptors that detect and communicate proprioception and velocity to the CNS

A

muscle spindles

68
Q

aka for extrafusal fibres

A

skeletal muscles

69
Q

where are muscle spindles found in the greatest abundhance?

A

hands and feet

70
Q

the most abundant type of Lower Motor Neuron

A

alpha motor neuron

71
Q

neurons whose cell bodies are located in the spinal cord and brainstem

A

lower motor neuron

72
Q

neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibres (skeletal muscle cells) outside of the spindle

A

alpha motor neurons

73
Q

lower motor neurons that innervate intrafusal fibres

A

gamma motor neurons

74
Q

motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

A

gamma motor neurons

75
Q

motor neurons that do not directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles

A

gamma motor neurons

76
Q

motor neurons that directly adjust the lengthening or shortening of muscles

A

alpha motor neurons

77
Q

motor neurons that adjust the sensitivity of muscle spindles

A

gamma motor neurons

78
Q

a muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle

A

stretch reflex

79
Q

what happens to nerve activity when a muscle spindle is stretch?

A

increases

80
Q

a monosynaptic reflex which provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length

A

stretch reflex

81
Q

the process of muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction to the other side of that joint

A

reciprocal inhibition

82
Q

difficulty in flexion and extension is an indicator of what kind of gamma output?

A

high gamma output/gamma bias

83
Q

name for neuron coming from a Golgi Tendon Organ

A

1b fibre

84
Q

the function of the Golgi Tendon Organ

A

monitor muscle tension

85
Q

where are golgi tendon organs located

A

near the transition between muscle and tendon (musculotendinous junction)

86
Q

in what two circumstances will a GTO respond?

A

active contraction or passive stretch of a muscle

87
Q

what occurs when a muscle contractions exceeds a certain threshold

A

autogenic inhibition

88
Q

name of function where the muscle relaxes due to the influence of GTOs contained contained in its own musculotendinous junction

A

autogenic inhibition

89
Q

specialized nerve cells that detect noxious stimuli or things that could potentially damage the body

A

nociceptors

90
Q

two major types of nociceptors

A

A-Delta and C (C-PMN, polymodal)

91
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors is myelinated

A

A-delta

92
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors responds to thermal, mechanichal, and chemical stimulus

A

C

93
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors responds to mechanical stimulus that can potentially damage tissue

A

A-Delta

94
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors carries fast associated neuron speed

A

A-Delta

95
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors relates to deeper skin and every other tissue, except nervous

A

C

96
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors has small, sharply delineated receptive fields

A

A-Delta

97
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors percieves sharp, stinging, cutting, and sabbing types of pain

A

A-Delta

98
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors deals with the withdrawal response to pain

A

A-Delta

99
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors is not myelinated

A

C

100
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors carries slow associated neuron speed

A

C

101
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors relates to superficial skin and infoldings of the alimentary canal

A

C

102
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors has large, vaguely deliniated receptive fields

A

C

103
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors percieves dull, burning, aching, throbbing, and itching types of pain

A

C

104
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors deals with the immobilization response to pain

A

C

105
Q

which of the two major types of nociceptors monitor algogenic substances released into the extracellular fluid when cells are injured or distroyed

A

C

106
Q

substances that produce pain

A

algogenic substances

107
Q

leaked intracellular contents, histamine, and prostaglandins are examples of what?

A

algogenic substances

108
Q

can be caused by damage to the nervous system itself, due to disease or trauma

A

neuropathic/neurogenic pain

109
Q

how is pain modulated?

A

interpreted and perceived by the brain, then modulated by various CNS mechanisms

110
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a detectable change in the internal or external environment

111
Q

what makes up a nerve impulse

A

electrical event and a chemical event

112
Q

what is transduction

A

the process by which stimuli are converted to action potentials by sensory receptors

113
Q

what is transmission

A

the process by which nerve signals enter and ascend the CNS in various tracts

114
Q

what is modulation

A

the process by which electrochemical activity form other ascending inputs

115
Q

what is a spinal/dorsal root ganglion

A

a cluster of neurons in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve

116
Q

define ganglion

A

a collection of cell bodies in the PNS

117
Q

define Difference Threshold

A

the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before a change is noticed

118
Q

what is Weber’s law

A

the change needed to notice a difference between two stimuli is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

119
Q

what is a receptive field

A

a defined area in the periphery over which a receptor can receive input

120
Q

what is spatial discrimination

A

the ability to accurately locate the site of stimulation and detect that neighboring stimuli are separate

121
Q

what is the two-point threshold

A

the minimal distance in which two separate stimuli can be distinguished as separate

122
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the trapezius

A

c3

123
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the medial shoulder

A

c4

124
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the lateral shoulder and arm

A

c5

125
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the radial border of the hand

A

c6

126
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the middle finger

A

c7

127
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the ulnar border of the hand

A

c8

128
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the medial elbow region

A

t1

129
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the intersection of the midclavicular line, at the horizontal level of the umbilicus

A

t10

130
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the medial malleolus

A

l4

131
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the middle dorsum of the foot

A

l5

132
Q

which spinal nerve innervates the lateral calcaneus

A

s1

133
Q

what is a haptic sensor

A

a sensor relating to the perception and manipulation of objects using touch and proprioception

134
Q

what sensations do mechanoreceptors perceive

A

pressure, vibrations, texture

135
Q

what does the Krause end bulb do

A

detect cold

136
Q

what do Ruffini terminals detect?

A

skin stretch, deformation within joints, slippage of objects along the surface of the skin

137
Q

what do Pacinian corpuscles detect

A

transient pressure and high frequency vibration

138
Q

what are Merkel’s disks

A

slowly adapting haptic receptors that perceive when and how long you are touching something

139
Q

what are Meissner’s corpuscles

A

fast adapting haptic receptors that perceive when and how long you are touching something

140
Q

what fibers are linked to pleasant touch

A

C tactile fibers

141
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain percieved at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus

142
Q

where can the gallbladder refer pain to

A

ipsilateral shoulder

143
Q

what do muscle spindles monitor

A

muscle stretch

144
Q

define reflex

A

a fast predictable sequence of involuntary actions in response to certain stimuli

145
Q

define reflex arc

A

anatomic pathways having afferent and efferent components that carry out reflex responses

146
Q

what are the basic components of a reflex arc

A

receptor, afferent neuron, interneurons, efferent neurons, effectors

147
Q

define tract

A

a bundle of axons in the CNS

148
Q

define ascending tracts

A

tracts that carry sensory information to the brain from receptors

149
Q

define descending tracts

A

tracts that carry motor information to effectors

Neurology (11 decks)

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