White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

A

To protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.

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2
Q

True or False: White blood cells are also known as leukocytes.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The two main types of white blood cells are ______ and ______.

A

granulocytes, agranulocytes

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4
Q

Which type of white blood cell is primarily responsible for producing antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

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5
Q

What is the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) in the immune response?

A

To directly kill infected cells and coordinate the immune response.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of granulocyte? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Monocytes D) Basophils

A

C) Monocytes

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7
Q

What is the normal range of white blood cells in a healthy adult’s blood?

A

4,000 to 11,000 cells per microliter.

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8
Q

True or False: White blood cells can be found in tissues as well as in the bloodstream.

A

True

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9
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

To engulf and destroy bacteria and fungi.

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is involved in allergic reactions? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Monocytes

A

C) Basophils

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which white blood cells leave the bloodstream to reach tissues is called ______.

A

diapedesis

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12
Q

What is the lifespan of a typical white blood cell?

A

Days to years, depending on the type of cell.

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13
Q

True or False: Lymphocytes are a type of agranulocyte.

A

True

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14
Q

What is the role of macrophages in the immune system?

A

To ingest and digest pathogens and dead cells.

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15
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is elevated during parasitic infections? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) Basophils D) Lymphocytes

A

B) Eosinophils

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16
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

A condition characterized by a low white blood cell count.

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17
Q

True or False: White blood cells can divide and replicate.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary site of white blood cell production is the ______.

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

What type of immunity do B cells provide?

A

Humoral immunity.

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20
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is typically the first responder to an infection? A) Eosinophils B) Neutrophils C) Lymphocytes D) Basophils

A

B) Neutrophils

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21
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune system?

A

To present antigens to T cells and activate them.

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22
Q

True or False: Basophils release histamine during an allergic reaction.

A

True

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The white blood cell count is typically measured in ______ per microliter of blood.

A

cells

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24
Q

What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?

A

To attack and destroy virus-infected cells and tumor cells.

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25
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity? A) B cells B) T cells C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes

A

B) T cells

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26
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

A condition characterized by an elevated white blood cell count.

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27
Q

True or False: Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages.

A

True

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The immune response can be categorized into ______ and ______ immunity.

A

innate, adaptive

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29
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.

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30
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell has a role in the allergic response and asthma? A) B cells B) Eosinophils C) Neutrophils D) T cells

A

B) Eosinophils

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31
Q

What is the function of memory T cells?

A

To provide long-term immunity by remembering past infections.

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32
Q

True or False: White blood cells originate from stem cells in the liver.

A

False

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ is responsible for filtering blood and producing lymphocytes.

A

spleen

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34
Q

What are the primary components of the immune system?

A

White blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins.

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35
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of cell is responsible for antibody production? A) T cells B) B cells C) Neutrophils D) Monocytes

A

B) B cells

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36
Q

What is the role of helper T cells?

A

To assist other white blood cells in the immune response.

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37
Q

True or False: All white blood cells have the ability to phagocytize pathogens.

A

False

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of white blood cells in the body is an indicator of ______.

A

infection or inflammation

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39
Q

What type of white blood cell is primarily involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Macrophages

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40
Q

Multiple Choice: Which white blood cell type is responsible for the body’s response to viral infections? A) Neutrophils B) Eosinophils C) T cells D) Basophils

A

C) T cells

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41
Q

What is the function of suppressor T cells?

A

To regulate and suppress the immune response.

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42
Q

True or False: White blood cells are produced in the lymph nodes.

A

False

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43
Q

Fill in the blank: The white blood cell count is an important diagnostic tool for assessing ______.

A

health status or disease

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44
Q

What is the primary function of white blood cells?

A

The primary function of white blood cells is to protect the body against infections and foreign invaders.

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45
Q

True or False: White blood cells can be classified into two main categories: granulocytes and agranulocytes.

A

True

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46
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common stain used for identifying white blood cells is __________ stain.

A

Wright’s

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47
Q

What are the two primary types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils and eosinophils.

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48
Q

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

A

Eosinophils.

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49
Q

What color do neutrophils typically stain with Wright’s stain?

A

Pink to lilac.

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50
Q

Multiple Choice: Which stain is known for providing a clear differentiation between various types of white blood cells? A) Giemsa B) Hematoxylin C) Wright’s D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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51
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

A

Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response, including the production of antibodies.

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52
Q

True or False: Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell.

A

True

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53
Q

What do basophils release during allergic reactions?

A

Histamine.

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54
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a stain that highlights nuclear detail in white blood cells.

A

Hematoxylin

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55
Q

Which white blood cell type is primarily responsible for phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils.

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56
Q

Multiple Choice: What color do eosinophils typically stain with Wright’s stain? A) Blue B) Green C) Red D) Yellow

A

C) Red

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57
Q

What is the significance of using differential staining techniques for white blood cells?

A

Differential staining techniques allow for the identification and counting of different types of white blood cells.

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58
Q

True or False: Lymphocytes can be further divided into B cells and T cells.

A

True

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59
Q

What is the main characteristic of agranulocytes?

A

Agranulocytes lack visible granules in their cytoplasm.

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60
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ stain can be used to visualize reticulocytes.

A

New Methylene Blue

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61
Q

What type of white blood cell is involved in the response to viral infections?

A

Lymphocytes.

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62
Q

Multiple Choice: Which type of white blood cell is the first responder to sites of infection? A) Eosinophils B) Neutrophils C) Lymphocytes D) Monocytes

A

B) Neutrophils

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63
Q

What type of stain is typically used for bone marrow aspirate samples?

A

Giemsa stain.

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64
Q

True or False: The presence of immature white blood cells in blood can indicate a disease process.

A

True

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65
Q

What do the granules in basophils contain?

A

Histamine and heparin.

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66
Q

Fill in the blank: _______________ is a method used to count white blood cells in a sample.

A

Hemocytometer

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67
Q

Multiple Choice: Which white blood cell type has a lifespan measured in days to weeks? A) Neutrophils B) Lymphocytes C) Monocytes D) Basophils

A

A) Neutrophils

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68
Q

What is the role of monocytes once they migrate into tissues?

A

Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells, which are essential for phagocytosis and antigen presentation.

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69
Q

True or False: Staining techniques can affect the accuracy of white blood cell counts.

A

True

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70
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm.

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71
Q

Name the three main types of granulocytes.

A

The three main types of granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

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72
Q

True or False: Granulocytes are produced in the bone marrow.

A

True

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73
Q

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

A

The primary function of neutrophils is to respond to and fight infections, particularly bacterial infections.

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74
Q

Fill in the blank: Eosinophils are primarily involved in _____ responses.

A

allergic

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75
Q

What role do basophils play in the immune system?

A

Basophils play a role in inflammatory reactions and allergic responses by releasing histamine.

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76
Q

Which granulocyte is the most abundant in the bloodstream?

A

Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes in the bloodstream.

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77
Q

Multiple choice: What is the lifespan of a neutrophil in circulation? (a) Hours (b) Days (c) Weeks

A

a) Hours

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78
Q

What is the process of granulocyte development called?

A

The process of granulocyte development is called granulopoiesis.

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79
Q

True or False: Granulocyte development begins with hematopoietic stem cells.

A

True

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80
Q

Fill in the blank: Granulocytes are derived from _____ lineage.

A

myeloid

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81
Q

What is the role of colony-stimulating factors in granulocyte development?

A

Colony-stimulating factors stimulate the production and differentiation of granulocytes from stem cells.

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82
Q

Short answer: What is the main characteristic that distinguishes granulocytes from agranulocytes?

A

Granulocytes have visible granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.

83
Q

Multiple choice: Which granulocyte is associated with parasitic infections? (a) Neutrophils (b) Eosinophils (c) Basophils

A

b) Eosinophils

84
Q

What are the stages of granulocyte maturation?

A

The stages of granulocyte maturation include myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, and mature granulocyte.

85
Q

True or False: Granulocytes can be classified based on the type of granules they contain.

A

True

86
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary granules of neutrophils contain _____ enzymes.

A

digestive

87
Q

What is the function of the secondary granules in neutrophils?

A

The secondary granules contain proteins that help in the immune response and inflammation.

88
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of granulocyte is least abundant in normal blood? (a) Neutrophils (b) Eosinophils (c) Basophils

A

c) Basophils

89
Q

Short answer: What triggers the release of granulocytes from the bone marrow into the bloodstream?

A

Infection or inflammation triggers the release of granulocytes from the bone marrow.

90
Q

What happens to granulocytes after they have completed their function?

A

After completing their function, granulocytes undergo apoptosis and are removed by macrophages.

91
Q

True or False: Granulocyte levels can be affected by stress and infection.

A

True

92
Q

Fill in the blank: The maturation of granulocytes takes place in the _____ and the _____ of the bone marrow.

A

myeloid compartment, erythroid compartment

93
Q

What is the significance of the band cell stage in neutrophil development?

A

The band cell stage indicates a young neutrophil that is still maturing and is an important marker in diagnosing infections.

94
Q

Multiple choice: Which granulocyte is known for its role in histamine release? (a) Neutrophils (b) Eosinophils (c) Basophils

A

c) Basophils

95
Q

Short answer: How does granulocyte production change during an infection?

A

Granulocyte production increases significantly during an infection to enhance the immune response.

96
Q

What is Pelger-Huët anomaly?

A

Pelger-Huët anomaly is a genetic condition characterized by abnormal nuclear shapes in neutrophils and other white blood cells.

97
Q

True or False: Pelger-Huët anomaly is typically associated with an increased risk of infections.

A

False: Individuals with Pelger-Huët anomaly usually have normal immune function despite the morphological changes.

98
Q

Fill in the blank: Pelger-Huët anomaly is inherited in a _____ manner.

A

autosomal dominant

99
Q

Which of the following is a common feature observed in neutrophils of individuals with Pelger-Huët anomaly? (A) Multiple nuclei (B) Bi-lobed nuclei (C) Hypersegmented nuclei

A

B) Bi-lobed nuclei

100
Q

What type of blood cell is primarily affected by Pelger-Huët anomaly?

A

Neutrophils

101
Q

What is May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

A rare genetic disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and the presence of large platelets.

102
Q

True or False: May-Hegglin anomaly is an autosomal dominant condition.

A

True

103
Q

Fill in the blank: Individuals with May-Hegglin anomaly often have __________ leukocytes.

A

abnormal

104
Q

What are the primary clinical features of May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Thrombocytopenia, large platelets, and abnormal leukocyte morphology.

105
Q

Which cells are primarily affected in May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Platelets and leukocytes.

106
Q

What genetic mutation is commonly associated with May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Mutations in the MYH9 gene.

107
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a symptom of May-Hegglin anomaly? A) Easy bruising B) Hearing loss C) Frequent infections

A

C) Frequent infections

108
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance.

109
Q

True or False: May-Hegglin anomaly can lead to significant bleeding complications.

A

True

110
Q

What is the role of the MYH9 gene in May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

It encodes a non-muscle myosin heavy chain that is important for platelet function.

111
Q

Fill in the blank: May-Hegglin anomaly is classified as a __________ disorder.

A

hematological

112
Q

What is the typical platelet count in individuals with May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Typically less than 150,000 platelets per microliter of blood.

113
Q

Short answer: How is May-Hegglin anomaly diagnosed?

A

Through blood tests showing thrombocytopenia and the presence of large platelets, along with genetic testing.

114
Q

True or False: May-Hegglin anomaly is always symptomatic.

A

False

115
Q

What is a common laboratory finding in May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Giant platelets observed on a blood smear.

116
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following conditions is May-Hegglin anomaly most similar to? A) Bernard-Soulier syndrome B) Glanzmann thrombasthenia C) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

A

A) Bernard-Soulier syndrome

117
Q

Short answer: What is the typical treatment for May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Treatment usually involves monitoring and managing bleeding risks; platelet transfusions may be necessary in severe cases.

118
Q

Fill in the blank: Patients with May-Hegglin anomaly may also have __________ cataracts.

A

congenital

119
Q

What is the prevalence of May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

It is considered a rare disorder, with a prevalence of less than 1 in 1 million.

120
Q

True or False: May-Hegglin anomaly can sometimes be mistaken for other platelet disorders.

A

True

121
Q

What is a potential complication of May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Severe bleeding episodes.

122
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a characteristic finding in May-Hegglin anomaly? A) Microcytic anemia B) Macrocytic anemia C) Giant platelets

A

C) Giant platelets

123
Q

Short answer: What type of blood smear finding is typical in patients with May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Presence of large platelets and Döhle bodies in leukocytes.

124
Q

What is the relationship between May-Hegglin anomaly and nephritis?

A

Patients may have an increased risk of nephritis due to MYH9 gene mutations.

125
Q

What is Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome is a rare, inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterized by immunological defects, partial oculocutaneous albinism, and neurological problems.

126
Q

True or False: Chediak-Higashi syndrome is caused by mutations in the LYST gene.

A

True

127
Q

Fill in the blank: Patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome often exhibit __________, which refers to a reduction in the pigmentation of the skin and hair.

A

partial oculocutaneous albinism

128
Q

Which of the following complications is commonly associated with Chediak-Higashi syndrome? a) Diabetes b) Hemophilia c) Increased susceptibility to infections d) Asthma

A

c) Increased susceptibility to infections

129
Q

What is a significant hematological finding in patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome?

A

The presence of enlarged cytoplasmic granules in white blood cells.

130
Q

What is Alder Reilly?

A

Alder Reilly is a genetic disorder characterized by the abnormal accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the body.

131
Q

True or False: Alder Reilly is an autosomal dominant condition.

A

False

132
Q

Fill in the blank: Alder Reilly is often associated with disorders such as _____ and _____ syndrome.

A

Hurler, Hunter

133
Q

What are the primary symptoms of Alder Reilly?

A

Symptoms include skeletal abnormalities, developmental delays, and organ dysfunction.

134
Q

Which type of cells are primarily affected in Alder Reilly?

A

Macrophages

135
Q

What is Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)?

A

A genetic disorder that affects the immune system, impairing the body’s ability to fight off certain infections.

136
Q

True or False: Chronic Granulomatous Disease is caused by a deficiency in the NADPH oxidase enzyme.

A

True

137
Q

Fill in the blank: Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease are particularly susceptible to infections from _______.

A

catalase-positive organisms

138
Q

Which of the following is a common symptom of Chronic Granulomatous Disease? A) Frequent colds B) Skin abscesses C) High fever

A

B) Skin abscesses

139
Q

What is the primary method used to diagnose Chronic Granulomatous Disease?

A

The nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test or dihydrorhodamine (DHR) flow cytometry.

140
Q

What is toxic granulation?

A

Toxic granulation is the presence of large, dark granules in neutrophils, indicating an inflammatory response.

141
Q

True or False: Toxic granulation is typically associated with bacterial infections.

A

True

142
Q

Fill in the blank: Toxic granulation is often observed in conditions such as __________ and __________.

A

sepsis, severe infections

143
Q

Which type of white blood cell is primarily involved in toxic granulation?

A

Neutrophils

144
Q

Multiple Choice: Toxic granulation can be a response to which of the following? A) Viral infections B) Allergic reactions C) Bacterial infections D) All of the above

A

C) Bacterial infections

145
Q

What are smudge cells?

A

Smudge cells are degenerated white blood cells typically seen in certain blood disorders.

146
Q

True or False: Smudge cells are indicative of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

A

True

147
Q

Fill in the blank: Smudge cells are often associated with ________ due to their fragile nature.

A

lymphoproliferative disorders

148
Q

Which type of blood cell do smudge cells originate from?

A

Lymphocytes

149
Q

Multiple Choice: In which condition are smudge cells most commonly found? A) Acute myeloid leukemia B) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia C) Iron deficiency anemia

A

B) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

150
Q

What are Auer bodies?

A

Auer bodies are cytoplasmic inclusions found in myeloid cells, typically associated with acute myeloid leukemia.

151
Q

True or False: Auer bodies can be seen in lymphoid leukemias.

A

False

152
Q

Fill in the blank: Auer bodies are primarily composed of __________.

A

fused granules of myeloid cells

153
Q

In which type of leukemia are Auer bodies most commonly found?

A

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

154
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following statements about Auer bodies is true? A) They are a type of virus B) They are associated with myeloid lineage C) They are found in normal blood cells

A

B) They are associated with myeloid lineage

155
Q

What is white blood cell hypersegmentation?

A

It is a condition characterized by an increased number of lobes in the nuclei of neutrophils.

156
Q

True or False: White blood cell hypersegmentation is commonly associated with megaloblastic anemia.

A

True

157
Q

Fill in the blank: Hypersegmentation of neutrophils typically occurs when there is a deficiency of ________ or ________.

A

folate or vitamin B12

158
Q

Which type of white blood cell is primarily affected by hypersegmentation?

A

Neutrophils

159
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions can lead to white blood cell hypersegmentation? A) Iron deficiency anemia B) Megaloblastic anemia C) Acute infection D) Dehydration

A

B) Megaloblastic anemia

160
Q

What is a left shift in the context of white blood cells?

A

A left shift refers to an increased number of immature white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, in the bloodstream.

161
Q

True or False: A left shift indicates a response to infection or inflammation.

A

True

162
Q

Fill in the blank: A left shift is commonly associated with ________ conditions.

A

acute infections

163
Q

What type of white blood cell is primarily involved in a left shift?

A

Neutrophils

164
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is NOT typically associated with a left shift? A) Bacterial infection B) Viral infection C) Allergic reaction D) Bone marrow disorders

A

C) Allergic reaction

165
Q

What is the clinical significance of detecting a left shift?

A

It helps in diagnosing the presence of an acute inflammatory response or infection.

166
Q

Short Answer: What are the immature forms of neutrophils called?

A

Band cells or stab cells

167
Q

True or False: A left shift can indicate chronic inflammation.

A

False

168
Q

What laboratory test is commonly used to identify a left shift?

A

Complete blood count (CBC) with differential

169
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a sign of a left shift? A) Decreased lymphocyte count B) Increased band neutrophil count C) Normal white blood cell count D) Decreased monocyte count

A

B) Increased band neutrophil count

170
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Eosinophilia is a condition characterized by an elevated level of eosinophils in the blood.

171
Q

True or False: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.

A

True

172
Q

Fill in the blank: Eosinophilia is typically defined as having more than ______ eosinophils per microliter of blood.

A

500

173
Q

Which of the following can be a cause of eosinophilia? (a) Allergic reactions (b) Viral infections (c) Bacterial infections

A

a) Allergic reactions

174
Q

What is the primary role of eosinophils in the immune system?

A

The primary role of eosinophils is to combat parasitic infections and mediate allergic inflammatory responses.

175
Q

What is basophilia?

A

Basophilia is an increase in the number of basophils in the blood.

176
Q

True or False: Basophils are a type of white blood cell involved in inflammatory responses.

A

True

177
Q

Fill in the blank: Basophilia is often associated with _____ and allergic reactions.

A

allergies

178
Q

Which of the following conditions can lead to basophilia? A) Chronic myeloid leukemia B) Hypertension C) Diabetes

A

A) Chronic myeloid leukemia

179
Q

What is the normal range of basophils in a healthy adult?

A

Typically 0.5% to 1% of total white blood cells.

180
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.

181
Q

True or False: Lymphocytosis can indicate a viral infection.

A

True

182
Q

What is the normal range of lymphocytes in adults (in percentage)?

A

20% to 40%

183
Q

Fill in the blank: Lymphocytosis is defined as a lymphocyte count greater than _____ cells per microliter of blood.

A

4,000

184
Q

Which type of infection is commonly associated with lymphocytosis?

A

Viral infections

185
Q

What are two common causes of lymphocytosis?

A

Infections and certain hematologic malignancies.

186
Q

True or False: Lymphocytosis can occur in response to stress.

A

True

187
Q

What is the primary cell type that increases in lymphocytosis?

A

Lymphocytes

188
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause lymphocytosis? A) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B) Acute bacterial infection C) Mononucleosis D) Tuberculosis

A

B) Acute bacterial infection

189
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

A

They are involved in the body’s defense against infections and diseases.

190
Q

True or False: Lymphocytosis can be a benign finding.

A

True

191
Q

What laboratory test is commonly used to diagnose lymphocytosis?

A

Complete blood count (CBC)

192
Q

Fill in the blank: Lymphocytosis may be classified as _____ or _____ based on its duration.

A

acute; chronic

193
Q

Which lymphocyte subtype is primarily increased during viral infections?

A

T-lymphocytes (T-cells)

194
Q

True or False: Lymphocytosis is always indicative of a serious health condition.

A

False

195
Q

What is a common viral infection that can lead to lymphocytosis?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

196
Q

What is the typical clinical approach when lymphocytosis is detected?

A

Further investigation to determine the underlying cause.

197
Q

Fill in the blank: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a type of cancer that primarily affects _____ cells.

A

B-lymphocytes

198
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following can cause lymphocytosis? A) HIV B) Influenza C) Both A and B D) None of the above

A

C) Both A and B

199
Q

What is one potential complication of untreated persistent lymphocytosis?

A

Development of lymphoid tissue hyperplasia or malignancy.

200
Q

True or False: Lymphocytosis can be a normal response to vaccination.

A

True

201
Q

What is the term for a decrease in lymphocyte count?

A

Lymphopenia

202
Q

What does a high lymphocyte count indicate in the context of an infection?

A

The body is likely responding to an infection.

203
Q

What might a healthcare provider recommend if lymphocytosis is discovered?

A

Additional tests to identify the cause.

204
Q

Fill in the blank: In lymphocytosis, the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood is _____ than normal.

A

higher