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Hematology > Leukemias > Flashcards

Leukemias Flashcards

1
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow.

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2
Q

True or False: Leukemia primarily affects red blood cells.

A

False: Leukemia primarily affects white blood cells.

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3
Q

What are the two main categories of leukemia?

A

Acute and chronic leukemia.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Acute __________ leukemia progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment.

A

myeloid

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5
Q

What type of cells do lymphocytic leukemias affect?

A

They affect lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.

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6
Q

Name one common symptom of leukemia.

A

Fatigue, frequent infections, or easy bruising.

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7
Q

What is the primary method used to diagnose leukemia?

A

Blood tests and bone marrow biopsies.

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8
Q

True or False: Chronic leukemia develops more quickly than acute leukemia.

A

False: Chronic leukemia develops more slowly than acute leukemia.

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9
Q

Which type of leukemia is most common in children?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

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10
Q

What is the role of stem cells in leukemia?

A

Leukemia originates from abnormal blood stem cells in the bone marrow.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ leukemia is characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells.

A

Acute

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12
Q

What are some risk factors associated with leukemia?

A

Genetic disorders, exposure to radiation, and certain chemicals.

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13
Q

What does the term ‘remission’ mean in the context of leukemia?

A

A state where the signs and symptoms of leukemia are reduced or absent.

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14
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of leukemia? A) AML B) CLL C) HCL D) MCL

A

D) MCL

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15
Q

What is the typical treatment for acute leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy or stem cell transplant.

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16
Q

True or False: Leukemia can be cured in all cases.

A

False: Not all cases of leukemia can be cured.

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17
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

To help the body fight infections and diseases.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a type of leukemia that affects older adults and progresses slowly.

A

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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19
Q

What is the significance of the Philadelphia chromosome in leukemia?

A

It is a genetic abnormality associated with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

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20
Q

Name one potential side effect of leukemia treatment.

A

Nausea, hair loss, or increased risk of infections.

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21
Q

What is the survival rate for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

A

Approximately 90% with current treatments.

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22
Q

True or False: All leukemias are treated the same way.

A

False: Treatment varies depending on the type and stage of leukemia.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of a bone marrow biopsy?

A

To examine the bone marrow for the presence of abnormal cells.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is often used in combination with chemotherapy to treat leukemia.

A

Targeted therapy

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25
Q

What is myelodysplastic syndrome?

A

A group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to leukemia.

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26
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)? A) Radiation B) Targeted therapy C) Surgery D) Immunotherapy

A

B) Targeted therapy

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27
Q

What is the main goal of leukemia treatment?

A

To eliminate cancerous cells and restore normal blood cell production.

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28
Q

True or False: Genetic testing can help determine the best treatment for leukemia.

A

True.

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29
Q

What are leukemic blasts?

A

Immature white blood cells that proliferate in leukemia.

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a common diagnostic test that assesses the blood cell count and overall health.

A

Complete blood count (CBC)

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31
Q

What is the function of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment?

A

To kill cancer cells or stop their growth.

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32
Q

Multiple Choice: Which leukemia is characterized by the presence of the BCR-ABL gene fusion? A) ALL B) CML C) AML D) CLL

A

B) CML

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33
Q

What is the prognosis for adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

A

It varies widely; overall survival rates are lower than for children.

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34
Q

True or False: Leukemia can only occur in adults.

A

False: Leukemia can occur in both children and adults.

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35
Q

What is the significance of monitoring blood counts during leukemia treatment?

A

To assess the effectiveness of treatment and detect any complications.

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36
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a treatment approach that uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer.

A

Immunotherapy

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37
Q

What role do platelets play in the blood?

A

They help with blood clotting.

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38
Q

What is the main difference between acute and chronic leukemia?

A

Acute leukemia is characterized by the rapid increase of immature cells, while chronic leukemia involves more mature cells that grow slowly.

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39
Q

True or False: Radiation therapy is commonly used as the first treatment for leukemia.

A

False: Chemotherapy is typically the first-line treatment.

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40
Q

What is the purpose of a lumbar puncture in leukemia patients?

A

To check for leukemia cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.

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41
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a blood disorder that can increase the risk of developing leukemia.

A

Aplastic anemia

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42
Q

What is the role of supportive care in leukemia treatment?

A

To manage symptoms and side effects of treatment.

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43
Q

What are some common complications of leukemia?

A

Infections, bleeding, and anemia.

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44
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a hallmark symptom of leukemia? A) Weight gain B) Night sweats C) Increased appetite D) Skin rash

A

B) Night sweats

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45
Q

What is the importance of follow-up care after leukemia treatment?

A

To monitor for recurrence and manage long-term effects.

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46
Q

True or False: All patients with leukemia will require a stem cell transplant.

A

False: Not all patients require a stem cell transplant.

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47
Q

What does FAB stand for in the context of ALL classification?

A

French-American-British

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48
Q

What is the primary purpose of the FAB classification?

A

To categorize different types of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) based on morphological and cytochemical features.

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49
Q

True or False: FAB classification includes both acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

A

False

50
Q

What is the main characteristic of L1 type ALL?

A

Small, homogenous lymphoblasts with scant cytoplasm.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: The L2 type of ALL typically has ______ lymphoblasts.

A

larger and more heterogeneous

52
Q

Which FAB classification type is associated with a more favorable prognosis?

A

L1 type ALL

53
Q

What morphological feature distinguishes L3 type ALL?

A

Large, pleomorphic lymphoblasts with prominent nucleoli.

54
Q

True or False: L3 type ALL is often associated with Burkitt lymphoma.

A

True

55
Q

What cytochemical stain is commonly used to identify ALL?

A

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain

56
Q

Which FAB subtype of ALL is characterized by the presence of immature T-cell markers?

A

L1 and L2 types can both have T-cell markers, but L1 is more common for B-cell ALL.

57
Q

Multiple Choice: Which FAB classification type is least common in adults? A) L1 B) L2 C) L3 D) None of the above

A

C) L3

58
Q

What is the significance of immunophenotyping in ALL classification?

A

It helps to determine the lineage of the leukemia cells (B-cell or T-cell) for better treatment strategies.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The FAB classification primarily focuses on ______ features of leukemic cells.

A

morphological and cytochemical

60
Q

True or False: The FAB classification system is still the only system used for ALL diagnosis today.

A

False

61
Q

What are the three main FAB subtypes of ALL?

A

L1, L2, and L3

62
Q

Which FAB subtype of ALL is often characterized by a high white blood cell count?

A

L2 type ALL

63
Q

What is a common clinical feature of patients with L3 type ALL?

A

Presence of lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly.

64
Q

Multiple Choice: Which FAB type is characterized by a more aggressive clinical course? A) L1 B) L2 C) L3

A

C) L3

65
Q

What kind of leukemia does the FAB classification specifically address?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

66
Q

True or False: FAB classification is only based on the genetic features of ALL.

A

False

67
Q

What is the role of cytogenetics in the context of ALL classification?

A

It helps to identify specific genetic abnormalities that can influence prognosis and treatment.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: The L2 type of ALL often presents with ______ lymphoblasts.

A

mixed size

69
Q

What is the clinical relevance of distinguishing between B-cell and T-cell ALL?

A

It determines the treatment approach and prognosis.

70
Q

True or False: FAB classification is outdated and has been completely replaced by molecular classification systems.

A

False

71
Q

What is the primary limitation of the FAB classification system?

A

It does not incorporate genetic and molecular data.

72
Q

What does FAB stand for in the context of acute myeloid leukemia?

A

French-American-British classification

73
Q

True or False: Acute myeloid leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system.

A

False

74
Q

What is the primary characteristic of acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Rapid proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The FAB classification system divides acute myeloid leukemia into ___ subtypes.

A

8

76
Q

Which subtype of acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by the presence of Auer rods?

A

Acute myeloid leukemia M2

77
Q

What is the main difference between acute and chronic leukemia?

A

Acute leukemia has a rapid onset and progression, while chronic leukemia develops more slowly.

78
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia according to the FAB classification? A) M0 B) M3 C) M5 D) M9

A

D) M9

79
Q

What is the typical age range for the onset of acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Most common in adults, especially over 60 years old.

80
Q

True or False: Acute myeloid leukemia can be classified based on the type of cell affected.

A

True

81
Q

What is the primary treatment approach for acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The FAB classification includes the subtypes M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7, and ___ .

A

M0

83
Q

What subtype of acute myeloid leukemia is associated with promyelocytic leukemia?

A

Acute myeloid leukemia M3

84
Q

Short Answer: Name one common symptom of acute myeloid leukemia.

A

Fatigue

85
Q

Multiple Choice: Which subtype of acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by megakaryoblastic features? A) M1 B) M2 C) M7 D) M5

A

C) M7

86
Q

What laboratory test is commonly used to diagnose acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Bone marrow biopsy

87
Q

True or False: Acute myeloid leukemia can be caused by genetic mutations.

A

True

88
Q

Fill in the blank: The prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia is generally considered ___ compared to other leukemias.

A

poor

89
Q

What is the significance of Auer rods in acute myeloid leukemia?

A

They are indicative of myeloid lineage.

90
Q

Multiple Choice: Which treatment is often used for acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3 subtype)? A) All-trans retinoic acid B) Radiation C) Surgery D) Immunotherapy

A

A) All-trans retinoic acid

91
Q

Short Answer: What is a common complication of acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Infection

92
Q

What is the role of cytogenetic analysis in acute myeloid leukemia?

A

To identify specific genetic abnormalities that can influence treatment and prognosis.

93
Q

True or False: Acute myeloid leukemia is more common in children than in adults.

A

False

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The FAB classification system was introduced in the ___ decade.

A

1970s

95
Q

What are the common risk factors for developing acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Age, exposure to radiation, and certain chemicals.

96
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a typical laboratory finding in acute myeloid leukemia? A) Increased hemoglobin B) Thrombocytopenia C) Decreased white blood cells D) Normal bone marrow

A

B) Thrombocytopenia

97
Q

What is the primary goal of treatment for acute myeloid leukemia?

A

Achieve remission.

98
Q

Short Answer: How is acute myeloid leukemia generally classified?

A

Based on the morphology and genetic characteristics of the leukemic cells.

99
Q

True or False: Complete blood count is a useful test in diagnosing acute myeloid leukemia.

A

True

100
Q

Fill in the blank: The M4 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by ___ and myelomonocytic features.

A

monocytic

101
Q

What does the presence of undifferentiated blasts in the bone marrow indicate?

A

Acute myeloid leukemia

102
Q

Multiple Choice: Which subtype of acute myeloid leukemia typically has a better response to treatment? A) M0 B) M3 C) M6 D) M5

A

B) M3

103
Q

What is a leukemoid reaction?

A

A leukemoid reaction is an extreme increase in white blood cell count that mimics leukemia.

104
Q

True or False: A leukemoid reaction is a type of cancer.

A

False

105
Q

Fill in the blank: The leukemoid reaction is characterized by a white blood cell count greater than ________ cells per microliter.

A

50,000

106
Q

What are common causes of a leukemoid reaction?

A

Infections, inflammation, and certain medications can cause a leukemoid reaction.

107
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a leukemoid reaction? A) Elevated white blood cell count B) Presence of immature white blood cells C) Normal bone marrow function D) Presence of cancerous cells

A

D) Presence of cancerous cells

108
Q

What is Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL)?

A

Hairy Cell Leukemia is a rare type of blood cancer that affects B lymphocytes, characterized by the presence of abnormal hairy cells in the bone marrow and blood.

109
Q

True or False: Hairy Cell Leukemia is classified as a type of acute leukemia.

A

False

110
Q

Fill in the blank: Hairy Cell Leukemia is primarily treated with __________.

A

chemotherapy

111
Q

Which of the following is a common symptom of Hairy Cell Leukemia? a) Fatigue b) Sudden weight gain c) Joint pain

A

a) Fatigue

112
Q

What is the typical age range for the diagnosis of Hairy Cell Leukemia?

A

Hairy Cell Leukemia is most commonly diagnosed in adults aged 40 to 60 years.

113
Q

What is Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?

A

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and involves the overproduction of IgM antibodies by abnormal B cells.

114
Q

True or False: Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia is classified as a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

A

True

115
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is primarily produced in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?

A

IgM

116
Q

Fill in the blank: Symptoms of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia can include fatigue, __________, and vision problems.

A

bleeding

117
Q

Which diagnostic test is commonly used to confirm Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?

A

Serum protein electrophoresis

118
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that forms in plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies.

119
Q

True or False: Multiple myeloma primarily affects red blood cells.

A

False

120
Q

Fill in the blank: The abnormal plasma cells in multiple myeloma produce a large amount of __________.

A

monoclonal antibodies

121
Q

Which of the following is a common symptom of multiple myeloma: A) Bone pain B) Skin rash C) Frequent headaches?

A

A) Bone pain

122
Q

What are two common complications associated with multiple myeloma?

A

Kidney damage and bone fractures.

Hematology (6 decks)

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