White Blood Cells Flashcards
Granulocytes
Neutrophils eosinophils and basophils which have granules in the cytoplasm
MHSC-myeloblast-granulocyte/monocyte
Myeloid growth factors
G-CSF-granulocyte colony stimulating factor
M-CSF-macrophage colony stimulating factor
GM-CSF-granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
These are important in proliferation and survival of myeloid cells
Neutrophil
Myeloid stem cell-myeloblast-neutrophil
Lasts 7-10 hours in circulation before migrating to tissues
Lobulated nucleus
1)chemotaxis
2)phagocytosis following cytokine priming
Migration into tissues:marginating,adhesion,rolling,diapedesis,migration
Chemotaxis
Directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus
Eosinophil
Myeloid stem cell-myeloblast-eosinophil
Circulates for a few hours
Bilobed nucleus
1)chemotaxis
2)phagocytosis
3)Defends against parasitic infection
High eosinophil count means
Parasitic infection
Basophil
Myeloid stem cell-myeloblast-basophil
Bilobed nucleus
Granules which contain histamine heparin and proteolytic enzymes
1)chemotaxis
2)phagocytosis
3)mediation in IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions
4)modulation in inflammatory responses by releasing heparin and proteases
Involve in helminth destruction
Monocyte
Myeloid stem cell-monocyte precursor-monocyte
Circulates several days
1)chemotaxis
2)phagocytosis
3)Antigen presentation to lymphoid cells
Monocytes develop into macrophages (histocytes)
Macrophages store iron
B and T lymphocytes
B: made in bone marrow and mature into plasma cells to make antibodies
T: travel from fetal liver to thymus and mature in thymus.Involved in cell mediated immunity
Natural killer cells
Made in bone marrow
Part of innate immune system
Can kill tumor cells and virus infected cells
Primary blood disorder
Leukocyte count or morphology is abnormal due to acquired somatic DNA damage affecting haematopoietic precursor cell, giving rise to blood cancers
Reactive or secondary changes
Occur when normal or healthy bone marrow responds to an external stimulus such as infection, inflammation or infarction
Leukocytosis
Increase in total number of WBC
- Neutrophilia
- Eosinophilia
- Basophilia
- Lymphocytosis
- Monocytosis
Leukopenia
Decrease in total number of WBC
- Neutropenia
- Lymphopenia
Neutrophilia
Too many neutrophils
- Primary causesChronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
- Secondary causesInfection (particularly bacterial), inflammation, infarction
Can also be seen in pregnancy or after exercise or administration of corticosteroids
What toxic changes occur due to neutrophilia
Left shift: Presence of less mature myeloid cells due to depletion of bone marrow stores
Toxic granulation: Course granulation due to sever infection inflammation or pregnancy
Eosinophilia
Too many eosinophils
Primary cause by chronic myeloid leukemia
Secondary cause by allergy eg asthma or parasitic infection
Basophilia
Too many basophils
Very uncommon and usually due to leukemia
Monocytosis
Too many monocytes
Caused by infection or chronic inflammation or leukemia
Lymphocytosis
Primary cause by lymphoproliferative disorders
Secondary causes by viral or bacterial infections
Neutropenia
Too few neutrophils
Can occur due to:
- chemotherapy/radiotherapy
- Autoimmune disorders
- Severe bacterial infections
- Certain viral infections
- Drugs - e.g. anticonvulsant and antipsychotic
Patients with very low neutrophil count are at risk of serious infections
Lymphopenia
Caused by HIV leukaemia or chemotherapy or corticosteroids
Acute vs chronic
Acute are severe and sudden in onset
Chronic occurs for a long time
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Lymphoproliferative disorder
Increased lymphocytes are mature
Lymphocytes are squashed
Common in elderly
Chronic myeloid leukaemia
Increase in all granulocytes
No increase in number of lymphocytes
Observation of granulocytes at various stages of development including band forms
Occurs due to abnormal chromosome 22 Philadelphia chromosome
Protein BRC-ABL1 has tyrosine kinase activity take tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment
Splenomegaly
Megaloblastic anaemia
Hypersegmentation of nucleus observed
B12 or folate deficiency
More than 5 lobes
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Squashed lymphocytes
Occurs in eledery
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Increase in lymphoblasts
Bone marrow is infiltrated by lymphoblasts affecting haemopoiesis
Has neutropenia,thrombocytopenia(low platelets count),anemia and leukocytosis of lymphoblasts
Pale skin and bruising
Need red cell transfusions platelet transfusion and antibiotics
Neutrophil hypersegmentation
More than 5 lobes
Due to vitamin b12 or folic acid deficiency
