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Pom > Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the body do blood cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What are blood cells derived from?

A

Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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3
Q

Pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

A

Self renew
Differentiate to mature progeny

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4
Q

Sites of haematopoiesis

A

Yolk sac generation of HSC
Liver HSC maintenance and expansions
Bone marrow mainly pelivis femur and sternum

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5
Q

What regulates haematopoiesis

A

Genes transcription factors growth factors and micro environment

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6
Q

What occurs if regulation disrupted

A

Can lead to leukaemia or bone marrow failure

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7
Q

Haematopoietic growth factors:

A
  • Glycoprotein hormones which bind to cell surface receptors
  • Regulate proliferation and differentiation of HSCs
  • Regulate function of mature blood cells
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8
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Regulated erythropoiesis

Glycoprotein cytokine that regulates erythropoiesis

Made in the kidney in response to hypoxia

It interacts with erythropoietin receptors on red cell progenitor membranes → stimulates bone marrow to increase RBC production

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9
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Development of red blood cells

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10
Q

What 4 things are required for erythropoiesis

A

Iron
B12
Folate
Erythropoietin

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11
Q

When is erythropoietin (EPO) synthesized

A

Synthesized in response to hypoxia

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12
Q

Iron

A

Transports oxygen and absorbed in duodenum
Fe2+ best absorbed Fe3+ requires vit c

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13
Q

Hepcidin

A

Controls absorption of iron so only 1-2mg absorbed. It binds to ferroportin is the duodenum preventing iron absorption

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14
Q

What does B12 bind to

A

Combines with intrinsic factor making B12-IF
In small intestine it binds to receptors in ileum

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15
Q

Where is Folic acid absorbed

A

Absorbed in small intestine

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16
Q

B12 deficiency caused by

A

Inadequate intake
Malabsorption due to coeliac disease
Lack of stomach acid

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17
Q

Where are erythrocytes destroyed

A

In spleen

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18
Q

Erythrocyte life span

A

120 days

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19
Q

Erythrocyte shape

A

Made of lipid bilayer supported by protein cytoskeleton
Spherocytosis when vertical linkages are disrupted
Elliptocytosis is disruption to horizontal linkages occurring in iron deficiency

20
Q

What gives rise to a proerythroblast

A

Common myeloid progenitor-proerythroblast-erythrocyte

21
Q

What deficiency gives microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency

22
Q

What gives macrocytic anaemia

A

B12 or folate deficiency
Use of drugs interfering with dna synthesis
Liver disease and ethanol toxicity
Haemolytic anaemia

23
Q

Reduction of B12 and folate

A

Causes dttp deficiency so thymidine can’t be made so dna can’t replicate affecting cells in bone marrow which can’t divide , epithelial surfaces and in mouth and gut

24
Q

Anaemia

A

Is the reduction in the amount of haemoglobin present in a given volume of blood

25
Q

Haemolysis

A

Rbc become less flexible so are removed prematurely by spleen

26
Q

Anemia of chronic disease

A

Caused by autoimmune disease malignancy inflammatory conditions kidney disease and infections. Iron supplements won’t help patients

27
Q

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

X linked disorder
Is a haemolytic anemia which results from cells inability to make glutathione.increases susceptibility to oxidative damage and cell death. Heinz bodies are markers for oxidative damage.

28
Q

Intravascular haemolysus

A

Causes bite cells

29
Q

What is the most abundant cytoskeletol protein

A

Spectrin

30
Q

Increased hepcidin means

A

Less iron absorption less iron transport and less iron available to red blood cells

31
Q

Howell jolly bodies

A

Erythrocytes which fail to expel a fragment if dna during maturation seen as a blue dot in the cell. Can be indicative of spleen malfunction so related to sickle cell anaemia and megaloblastic anaemia

32
Q

What is anaemia

A

Reduction in the amount of haemoglobin in a given volume of blood. Due to rbc failure of production or destruction

33
Q

Hypochromia

A

Cells have a larger central pallor so less haemoglobin and flatter cell(usually looks like it has a hole)

34
Q

Causes of microcytic anaemia

A

Iron deficiency
Anaemia of chronic disease

35
Q

Thalassaemia
(Globin synthesis defect)

A

Defect in B chain or a chain synthesis

36
Q

Reduced ferritin

A

Reduces hepcidin production
Increased iron supply

37
Q

Polychromasia

A

Blue tinge in cell cytoplasm
Indicates red cell is young
Cells are larger than normal rbc

38
Q

Target cells

A

Red cells with accumulation of haemoglobin
Occur due to obstructive jaundiced
Liver disease
Haemoglobinopathies
Hyposplenism
Look like donuts

39
Q

Sickle cell anaemia

A

Caused by mutation in b globin gene
Causes sickle shaped rbc
Carriers of one gene have the sickle trait but are asymptomatic

40
Q

Megaloblast

A

Abnormal erythroblast which is larger than normal caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or folate and is a cause if macrocytic anaemia

41
Q

What 3 mechanisms results in anaemia

A

Reduced production of red cells by bone marrow eg iron deficiency B12 or folate or leukamia
Loss of blood eg gastrointestinal bleeding
Reduced survival of red cells eg sickle cell disease G6PD deficiency and sperocytosis

42
Q

Why do patients with sickle cell not feel fatigued

A

As there is decreased affinity of HbS binding to oxygen

43
Q

What is 2,3 DPG

A

Modulates oxygen affinity by binding to haemoglobin
Increasing 2,3 DPG means oxygen is released from haemoglobin

44
Q
  • Megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production growth factor?
A

Thrombopoietin

45
Q

Heteroplasmy

A

In thalasemmia the more chains that are affected the more sever the symptoms out of the 4 Globin chains

46
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many red blood cells
Due to over transfusion,hypoxia,inappropriate erythropoietin use
Leads to thickening of blood

Pom (44 decks)

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