Where we came from and where we're going Flashcards
Cognitive psychology is the study of information processing. True or false?
True
What is cognitive psychology?
The science of mental life. How we acquire, maintain, communicate and use knowledge about the word.
How does cognitive psychology focus on the individual?
Processes through which we take in information (attention, perception, visual object recognition)
How we store that information (STM, LTM)
How we do things with it (decision making, reasoning)
What is the definition of the mind that indicates different types of cognition?
The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning
What is the definition of the mind that indicates something about how the mine operates and it’s fucnction?
The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals
What are different types of cognition?-The mental professes.
perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making
The study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates.
Cognitive Psychology
First cognitive psychology experiment in 1868 done by what dutch physiologist.
Francscus Donders.
Donder’s Pioneering experiment
How long does it take to make a decision?
What were the 2 measures of reactio time used in donders experiment
simple reaction time, choice reaction time.
What steps occur in the simple reaction task?
Presenting the stimulus (the light flashes) causes a mental response (perceiving the light), which leads to a behavioral response (pushing the button). The reaction time (dashed line) is the time between the presentation of the stimulus and the behavioral response.
Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology in 1879?
Wilhelm wundt
What was Wundt’s approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800 and 1900s?
Structuralism
Where was the first scientific psychology laboratory?
University of Leipzig in Germany
Wundt wanted to create what, which would include all of the basic sensations involve in creating experience?
“a periodic table of the mind,”
What was wundts method of asking participants to describe their experiences in terms of mental elements?
Analytic introspection
What Psychologists experiments demonstrated the minds ability to retain information
Hermann Ebbinghaus- Memory experiment: What is the time course of forgetting.
who taught Harvard’s first psychology course?
William James
who wrote Principles of Psychology textbook 1890?
William James
Who founded Behaviourism?
John Watson
What was Watsons goal?
to replace the mind as a topic of study in psychology with the study of directly observable behavior.
As behaviorism became the dominant force in American psychology, psychologists’ attention shifted from
asking “What does behavior tell us about the mind?” to “What is the relation between stimuli in the environment and behavior?”
Watson’s most famous experiment
Little Albert experiment
Who introduced operant conditioning.
B.F skinner
who introduced Classical conitioning
pavlov.
Who introduced the idea of cognitive maps as a result of rat maze experiments?
Tolman
idea that language is a product of the way the mind is constructed, rather than a result of reinforcement
Chomsky’s
The decade of the 1950s is generally recognized as the beginning of the cognitive revolution. True or false
True
Who, defined a scientific revolution as a shift from one paradigm to another, where a paradigm is a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time (Dyson, 2012). A scientific revolution, therefore, involves a paradigm shift.
Thomas Kuhn
The introduction of what new technology suggested a new way of describing the operation of the mind?
The digital computer
The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages.
information-processing approach
What was the result of Colin Cherry experiment where he presented participants with two auditory messages in either ear and told them to focus on one message.
when people focused on the attended message, they could hear the sounds of the unattended message but were unaware of the contents of that message
Who proposed the first flow diagram of the mind?
Donald Broadbent.
What did John Mccarthy wonder in the early 1950’s
Would it be possible to program computers to mimic the operation of the human mind?
what did Herb Simon and Alan Newell from the Carnegie Institute of Technology succeed in
creating the program, which they called the logic theorist. It did more than simply process numbers—it used humanlike reasoning processes to solve problems.
McCarthy organised what conference at Dartmouth in 1956
Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence
Who presented the idea that there are limits to a human’s ability to process information—that the capacity of the human mind is limited to about seven items (for example, the length of a telephone number).
Harvard psychologist , George Miller
In 1967 Who published the textbook titiled Cognitive psychology?
Ulrich Neisser.
What does Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s model of memory show?
the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages
Proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into three components.
Endel Tulving
Episodic memory
memory for events in your life (like what you did last weekend).
Semanitic memory
memory for facts (such as the capitals of the states).
Procedural memory
memory for physical actions (such as how to ride a bike or play the piano)
Which 2 physiological techniques dominated early physiological research on the mind?
Neuropsychology
The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans.
Electrophysiology
Techniques used to measure electrical responses of the nervous system.
What was the technique of brain imagining introduced in 1976 called.
positron emission tomography (PET)
What does a PET do for cognitive psychology?
made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity
What replaced the PET?
unctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
introduction of fMRI in 1990 caused its own revolution within cognitive psychology
true
who illustrated how our knowledge about the environment can influence our perception
Steven Palmer 1975
Why was the study of the mind suppressed in the middle of the 20th century?
because their was no way to study it.
-The transduction of environmental energy into the brain
-External energy
-Electromagnetic energy in light
Acoustic energy in noise
-Internal energy
-Proprioception
-Nociception
-Homeostatic body regulation
Sensation.
Specialised cells within larger sensory organs which are sensitive to specific types of environmental energy
Develop from the same tissues as the broader CNS
Responsible for the transduction of environmental energy into action potentials
Receptors
All sensory experience is the result of _____
1 or 0 firing of neurons
action potentials
charge builds up in a given neuron, which fires if the charge builds up to a specified threshold
Action potential
Neurons are not time-limited by refractory periods
False
refers to the correspondence between some aspect of environmental stimuli and the firing patterns of neuronal populations
Neural Coding
We read coding as several variables, including:
-N of neurons firing
-Which neurons are firing
-Changes in firing rate of neurons
-Which patterns of neurons fire across time
Firing rates of up to 1200Hz are detected by one set of neurons, with a secondary set respond to different ranges of stimulus intensity
Range fractionation
We perceive any stimulation of the_____ as visual information
optic nerve
sensory perception is altered, such that cross modal experiences occur
Colour-grapheme most common
Synaesthesia
refer to the 1:1 mapping of retina to primary visual cortex
Retinotopic maps
is the mapping of sensations from skin to sensory strip in motor cortex
Somatosensation
the way the nervous system interprets sensory information and determines the appropriate response
Sensory integration
Sensory input is integrated at all three functional levels of the CNS
Integration of some sensory information begins in the spinal cord
Spinal reflexes
Other inputs are integrated at the subcortical level
Blood pressure maintenance
Some inputs proceed direct to the cortex
Sensation results from stimulation of a sensory area of the cortex
Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.
cognitive neuroscience
