Where we came from and where we're going

Question 1

Cognitive psychology is the study of information processing. True or false?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is cognitive psychology?

Answer 2

The science of mental life. How we acquire, maintain, communicate and use knowledge about the word.

Question 3

How does cognitive psychology focus on the individual?

Answer 3

Processes through which we take in information (attention, perception, visual object recognition)
How we store that information (STM, LTM)
How we do things with it (decision making, reasoning)

Question 4

What is the definition of the mind that indicates different types of cognition?

Answer 4

The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning

Question 5

What is the definition of the mind that indicates something about how the mine operates and it’s fucnction?

Answer 5

The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals

Question 6

What are different types of cognition?-The mental professes.

Answer 6

perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making

Question 7

The study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates.

Answer 7

Cognitive Psychology

Question 8

First cognitive psychology experiment in 1868 done by what dutch physiologist.

Answer 8

Francscus Donders.

Question 9

Donder’s Pioneering experiment

Answer 9

How long does it take to make a decision?

Question 10

What were the 2 measures of reactio time used in donders experiment

Answer 10

simple reaction time, choice reaction time.

Question 11

What steps occur in the simple reaction task?

Answer 11

Presenting the stimulus (the light flashes) causes a mental response (perceiving the light), which leads to a behavioral response (pushing the button). The reaction time (dashed line) is the time between the presentation of the stimulus and the behavioral response.

Question 12

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology in 1879?

Answer 12

Wilhelm wundt

Question 13

What was Wundt’s approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800 and 1900s?

Answer 13

Structuralism

Question 14

Where was the first scientific psychology laboratory?

Answer 14

University of Leipzig in Germany

Question 15

Wundt wanted to create what, which would include all of the basic sensations involve in creating experience?

Answer 15

“a periodic table of the mind,”

Question 16

What was wundts method of asking participants to describe their experiences in terms of mental elements?

Answer 16

Analytic introspection

Question 17

What Psychologists experiments demonstrated the minds ability to retain information

Answer 17

Hermann Ebbinghaus- Memory experiment: What is the time course of forgetting.

Question 18

who taught Harvard’s first psychology course?

Answer 18

William James

Question 19

who wrote Principles of Psychology textbook 1890?

Answer 19

William James

Question 20

Who founded Behaviourism?

Answer 20

John Watson

Question 21

What was Watsons goal?

Answer 21

to replace the mind as a topic of study in psychology with the study of directly observable behavior.

Question 22

As behaviorism became the dominant force in American psychology, psychologists’ attention shifted from

Answer 22

asking “What does behavior tell us about the mind?” to “What is the relation between stimuli in the environment and behavior?”

Question 23

Watson’s most famous experiment

Answer 23

Little Albert experiment

Question 24

Who introduced operant conditioning.

Answer 24

B.F skinner

Question 25

who introduced Classical conitioning

Answer 25

pavlov.

Question 26

Who introduced the idea of cognitive maps as a result of rat maze experiments?

Answer 26

Tolman

Question 27

idea that language is a product of the way the mind is constructed, rather than a result of reinforcement

Answer 27

Chomsky's

Question 28

The decade of the 1950s is generally recognized as the beginning of the cognitive revolution. True or false

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Who, defined a scientific revolution as a shift from one paradigm to another, where a paradigm is a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time (Dyson, 2012). A scientific revolution, therefore, involves a paradigm shift.

Answer 29

Thomas Kuhn

Question 30

The introduction of what new technology suggested a new way of describing the operation of the mind?

Answer 30

The digital computer

Question 31

The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages.

Answer 31

information-processing approach

Question 32

What was the result of Colin Cherry experiment where he presented participants with two auditory messages in either ear and told them to focus on one message.

Answer 32

when people focused on the attended message, they could hear the sounds of the unattended message but were unaware of the contents of that message

Question 33

Who proposed the first flow diagram of the mind?

Answer 33

Donald Broadbent.

Question 34

What did John Mccarthy wonder in the early 1950's

Answer 34

Would it be possible to program computers to mimic the operation of the human mind?

Question 35

what did Herb Simon and Alan Newell from the Carnegie Institute of Technology succeed in

Answer 35

creating the program, which they called the logic theorist. It did more than simply process numbers—it used humanlike reasoning processes to solve problems.

Question 36

McCarthy organised what conference at Dartmouth in 1956

Answer 36

Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence

Question 37

Who presented the idea that there are limits to a human’s ability to process information—that the capacity of the human mind is limited to about seven items (for example, the length of a telephone number).

Answer 37

Harvard psychologist , George Miller

Question 38

In 1967 Who published the textbook titiled Cognitive psychology?

Answer 38

Ulrich Neisser.

Question 39

What does Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's model of memory show?

Answer 39

the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages

Question 41

Proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into three components.

Answer 41

Endel Tulving

Question 42

Episodic memory

Answer 42

memory for events in your life (like what you did last weekend).

Question 43

Semanitic memory

Answer 43

memory for facts (such as the capitals of the states).

Question 44

Procedural memory

Answer 44

memory for physical actions (such as how to ride a bike or play the piano)

Question 45

Which 2 physiological techniques dominated early physiological research on the mind?

Answer 45

Neuropsychology The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans. Electrophysiology Techniques used to measure electrical responses of the nervous system.

Question 46

What was the technique of brain imagining introduced in 1976 called.

Answer 46

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 47

What does a PET do for cognitive psychology?

Answer 47

made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity

Question 48

What replaced the PET?

Answer 48

unctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 49

introduction of fMRI in 1990 caused its own revolution within cognitive psychology

Answer 49

true

Question 50

who illustrated how our knowledge about the environment can influence our perception

Answer 50

Steven Palmer 1975

Question 51

Why was the study of the mind suppressed in the middle of the 20th century?

Answer 51

because their was no way to study it.

Question 52

-The transduction of environmental energy into the brain -External energy -Electromagnetic energy in light Acoustic energy in noise -Internal energy -Proprioception -Nociception -Homeostatic body regulation

Answer 52

Sensation.

Question 53

Specialised cells within larger sensory organs which are sensitive to specific types of environmental energy Develop from the same tissues as the broader CNS Responsible for the transduction of environmental energy into action potentials

Answer 53

Receptors

Question 54

All sensory experience is the result of _____ 1 or 0 firing of neurons

Answer 54

action potentials

Question 55

charge builds up in a given neuron, which fires if the charge builds up to a specified threshold

Answer 55

Action potential

Question 56

Neurons are not time-limited by refractory periods

Answer 56

False

Question 57

refers to the correspondence between some aspect of environmental stimuli and the firing patterns of neuronal populations

Answer 57

Neural Coding

Question 58

We read coding as several variables, including:

Answer 58

-N of neurons firing -Which neurons are firing -Changes in firing rate of neurons -Which patterns of neurons fire across time

Question 59

Firing rates of up to 1200Hz are detected by one set of neurons, with a secondary set respond to different ranges of stimulus intensity

Answer 59

Range fractionation

Question 60

We perceive any stimulation of the_____ as visual information

Answer 60

optic nerve

Question 61

sensory perception is altered, such that cross modal experiences occur Colour-grapheme most common

Answer 61

Synaesthesia

Question 62

refer to the 1:1 mapping of retina to primary visual cortex

Answer 62

Retinotopic maps

Question 63

is the mapping of sensations from skin to sensory strip in motor cortex

Answer 63

Somatosensation

Question 64

the way the nervous system interprets sensory information and determines the appropriate response

Answer 64

Sensory integration

Question 65

Sensory input is integrated at all three functional levels of the CNS

Answer 65

Integration of some sensory information begins in the spinal cord Spinal reflexes Other inputs are integrated at the subcortical level Blood pressure maintenance Some inputs proceed direct to the cortex Sensation results from stimulation of a sensory area of the cortex

Question 66

Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.

Answer 66

cognitive neuroscience