Everyday memory and memory errors

Question 1

Two important characteristics of autobiographical memories are

Answer 1

(1)they are multidimensional and
(2)we remember some events in our lives better than others.

Question 2

The empirical finding that people over 40 years old have enhanced memory for events from adolescence and early adulthood, compared to other periods of their lives.

Answer 2

reminiscence bump

Question 3

The idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed. This is one of the explanations for the reminiscence bump.

Answer 3

self-image hypothesis

Question 4

An explanation for the reminiscence bump, which states that memories are better for adolescence and early adulthood because encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability.

Answer 4

cognitive hypothesis

Question 5

The idea that events in a person’s life story become easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script for that person’s culture. This has been cited to explain the reminiscence bump.

Answer 5

cultural life script hypothesis

Question 6

Tendency for the most notable public events in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when the person is young.

Answer 6

youth bias

Question 7

A subcortical structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events.

Answer 7

amygdala

Question 8

Memory for the circumstances that surround hearing about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate

Answer 8

flashbulb memory

Question 9

Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event.

Answer 9

Repeated recall

Question 10

The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them. This idea was proposed by Neisser as an explanation for “flashbulb” memories.

Answer 10

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Question 11

The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.

Answer 11

constructive nature of memory

Question 12

The process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs. Remembering that you heard about something from a particular person would be an example of source monitoring.

Answer 12

source monitoring

Question 13

Misidentifying the source of a memory.

Answer 13

source monitoring error

Question 14

Occurs when the source of a memory is misidentified

Answer 14

source misattributions

Question 15

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others

Answer 15

cryptomnesia,

Question 16

Enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation.

Answer 16

illusory truth effect

Question 17

The ease with which a statement can be remembered.

Answer 17

fluency

Question 18

A method of measuring memory in which a person is asked to reproduce a stimulus on repeated occasions at longer and longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered.

Answer 18

repeated reproduction

Question 19

Inference that occurs when reading or hearing a statement leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the statement.

Answer 19

pragmatic inference

Question 20

A person’s knowledge about what is involved in a particular experience.

Answer 20

schema

Question 21

A type of schema. The conception of the sequence of actions that describe a particular activity. For example, the sequence of events that are associated with going to class would be a “going to class” script

Answer 21

script

Question 22

Autobiographical memory capacity possessed by some people who can remember personal experiences that occurred on any specific day from their past.

Answer 22

highly superior autobiographical memory

Question 23

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event that changes how the person describes that event later.

Answer 23

misinformation effect

Question 24

The misleading information that causes the misinformation effect.

Answer 24

misleading postevent information (MPI)

Question 25

Memories that have been pushed out of a person’s consciousness.

Answer 25

repressed childhood memory

Question 26

Testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime.

Answer 26

eyewitness testimony

Question 27

The tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening.

Answer 27

weapons focus

Question 28

An increase in confidence of memory recall due to confirming feedback after making an identification, as in a police lineup.

Answer 28

post-identification feedback effect

Question 29

A procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption. It also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene may have appeared when viewed from different perspectives.

Answer 29

cognitive interview

Question 30

A memory that involves a sentimental affection for the past.

Answer 30

nostalgia

Question 31

music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)

Answer 31

Autobiographical memories elicited by hearing music.

Question 32

Consistent with the narrative rehearsal hypothesis, a significant source of rehearsal and reflection of flashbulb memories may be due to ___.

Answer 32

media coverage and influence

Question 33

Bartlett’s classic “War of the Ghosts” experiment is particularly noteworthy because it was one of the first to make use of ___.

Answer 33

repeated reproduction

Question 34

The fact that autobiographical memories can include tactile elements demonstrates that these types of memories are ________.

Answer 34

multidimensional

Question 35

The cognitive hypothesis for the reminiscence bump is related to which of the following processes?
a. inference
b. retrieval
c. reconsolidation
d. encoding

Answer 35

d. encoding

Question 36

It is estimated that around ___ of all criminal cases where an individual was wrongly convicted of a crime involved eyewitness testimony.

Answer 36

three-fourths

Question 37

Janelle is getting an fMRI scan while she describes an everyday episodic memory. Which of the following brain areas will show the LEAST activity in her scan?
a. hippocampus and parietal cortex
b. medial temporal lobe and amygdala
c. amygdala and hippocampus
d. parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex

Answer 37

amygdala and hippocampus

Question 38

Wade wants to replicate the research that Cahill conducted with a person named B.P., who had suffered a neurological injury. Wade is looking to identify the role that ________ plays in memory.
a. emotion
b. culture
c. sensation
d. suggestion

Answer 38

a. emotion

Question 39

Friends repeatedly sharing experiences of an event such as an earthquake in a major city can affect their memories due to which of the following?
a. inference
b. rehearsal
c. reconsolidation
d. saturation

Answer 39

b. rehearsal

Question 40

Which of the following are the foundation of the illusory truth effect?
a. fluency and emotion
b. repetition and fluency
c. emotion and misattribution
d. misattribution and repetition

Answer 40

b. repetition and fluency

Question 41

What is the key variable in the method known as repeated reproduction?
a. frequency
b. age
c. time
d. stress

Answer 41

c. time

Question 42

The misinformation effect on memory is related to which of the following?
a. stress
b. timing
c. rehearsal
d. culture

Answer 42

b. timing

Question 43

In the research conducted by Loftus and coworkers on the misinformation effect, how did the words “smash” and “hit” affect participants’ memory of seeing broken glass in the images presented?

Answer 43

About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.

Question 44

When Marcus went into the vintage candy store, he couldn’t believe all the brands they sold. When he bit into a Turkish Taffy, it immediately took him back to hanging out with his pals at their tree fort on a summer day. What did Marcus experience at the store?

Answer 44

the Proust effect