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Cognitive psychology > Cognitive neuroscience: week 2 > Flashcards

Cognitive neuroscience: week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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2
Q

A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.

A

Levels of analysis

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3
Q

A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (as contrasted with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapses).

A

Nerve net

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4
Q

The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.

A

neuron doctrine

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5
Q

Part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive. In some neurons, the cell body and the dendrites associated with it receive information from other neurons.

A

Cell body

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6
Q

Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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7
Q

Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.

A

Axons

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8
Q

Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon.

A

Synapse

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9
Q

Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing.

A

Neural circuits

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10
Q

Specialized neural structures that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.

A

Receptors

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11
Q

Whos idea of individual neurons that communicate with other neurons to form neural circuits was an enormous leap forward in the understanding of how the nervous system operates.

A

Cajal’s

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12
Q

In the 1920s, ____ was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons, an achievement for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932

A

Edgar Adrian

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13
Q

Small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neurons.

A

mocroelectrodes

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14
Q

Difference in charge between the inside and outside of a nerve fiber when the fiber is at rest (no other electrical signals are present).

A

resting potential

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15
Q

An electrical response that is propagated down the length of an axon (nerve fiber). Also called an Action potential.

A

Nerve impulse.

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16
Q

Propagated electrical potential responsible for transmitting neural information and for communication between neurons. Action potentials typically travel down a neuron’s axon.

A

Action potential

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17
Q

Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials.

A

neurotransmitter

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18
Q

Rate of neural firing is related to the intensity of___

A

Stimulation.

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19
Q

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

A

principle of neural representation

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20
Q

the idea of neurons that respond to specific qualities was brought to the forefront by a series of papers by ____________, which would win them the Nobel Prize in 1981.

A

David Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel,

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21
Q

Neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli.

A

feature detectors

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22
Q

A mechanism that causes an organism’s neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed.

A

experience-dependent plasticity

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23
Q

Area in the occipital lobe that receives signals from the eyes.

A

visual cortex

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24
Q

The lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for language, memory, hearing, and vision.

A

temporal lobe

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25
Q

Processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain.

A

hierarchical processing

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26
Q

How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment.

A

sensory code

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27
Q

The representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. An example would be the signaling of a person’s face by the firing of a neuron that responds only to that person’s face.

A

specificity coding

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28
Q

Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons.

A

Population coding.

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29
Q

Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons.

A

sparse coding.

30
Q

Location of specific functions in specific areas of the brain. For example, areas have been identified that are specialized to process information involved in the perception of movement, form, speech, and different aspects of memory.

A

localization of function

31
Q

The 3-mm-thick outer layer of the brain that contains the mechanisms responsible for higher mental functions such as perception, language, thinking, and problem solving.

A

cerebral cortex

32
Q

the study of the behavior of people with brain damage.

A

neuropsychology

33
Q

The idea, popular in the early 1800s, that the brain operates as an indivisible whole, as opposed to operating based on specialized areas.

A

cortical equipotentiality

34
Q

An area in the frontal lobe associated with the production of language. Damage to this area causes Broca’s aphasia.

A

Broca’s area

35
Q

A condition associated with damage to Broca’s area, in the frontal lobe, characterized by labored ungrammatical speech and difficulty in understanding some types of sentences.

A

Broca’s aphasia

36
Q

Area in the temporal lobe associated with understanding language. Damage to this area causes Wernicke’s aphasia.

A

Wernicke’s area

37
Q

A condition, caused by damage to Wernicke’s area, that is characterized by difficulty in understanding language, and fluent, grammatically correct, but incoherent speech.

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

38
Q

The lobe at the back of the brain that is devoted primarily to analyzing incoming visual information.

A

Occipital lobe

39
Q

receives signals from the skin and is responsible for perceptions of touch, pressure and pain.

A

somatosensory cortex

40
Q

receives signals from the ears and is responsible for hearing.

A

The auditory cortex

41
Q

Where is the auditory cortex located

A

Upper temporal lobe

42
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex located

A

in the Parietal lobe.

43
Q

The lobe at the top of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for sensations caused by stimulation of the skin and also some aspects of visual information.

A

parietal lobe

44
Q

The lobe in the front of the brain that serves higher functions such as language, thought, memory, and motor functioning.

A

frontal lobe

45
Q

Condition caused by damage to the temporal lobe that is characterized by an inability to recognize faces.

A

prosopagnosia

46
Q

A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present, function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged, function B is present).

A

double dissociation

47
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

A brain imaging technique that measures how blood flow changes in response to cognitive activity.

48
Q

Small cube-shaped areas in the brain used in the analysis of data from brain scanning experiments.

A

voxels

49
Q

The fMRI response that occurs in response to a specific cognitive task.

A

task-related fMRI

50
Q

An area in the temporal lobe that contains many neurons that respond selectively to faces.

A

fusiform face area (FFA)

51
Q

An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes.

A

Para hippocampal place area (PPA)

52
Q

An area in the temporal cortex that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies, but not by faces or other objects.

A

extrastriate body area (EBA)

53
Q

The multidimensional nature of cognition refers to the fact that even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities.

A

multidimensional

54
Q

Occurs when a specific cognition activates many areas of the brain.

A

distributed representation

55
Q

memories for events in a person’s life, like remembering what you did yesterday

A

Episodic memories

56
Q

memories for facts, like knowing that the capital of California is Sacramento

A

Semantic memories

57
Q

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected together.

A

Neural networks

58
Q

There are complex structural pathways called ___ that form the brain’s information highway.

A

networks

59
Q

brain’s “wiring diagram” created by nerve axons that connect different brain areas.

A

Structural connectivity

60
Q

A technique for determining connectivity in the brain that is based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers.

A

track-weighted imaging (TWI)

61
Q

structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain” or wiring diagram of neurons in the brain.

A

connectome

62
Q

The extent to which the neural activity in separate brain areas is correlated with each other.

A

functional connectivity

63
Q

If the responses of two brain areas are correlated with each other, this means that they are?

A

Functionally connected

64
Q

The fMRI response recorded when a person is at rest (not involved in any cognitive tasks)

A

resting-state fMRI

65
Q

A method for determining functional connectivity that involves determining the correlation between the resting-state fMRI in separated structures.

A

resting-state functional connectivity

66
Q

The procedure for measuring resting-state functional connectivity was introduced by

A

Bharat Biswal and coworkers (1995).

67
Q

The area of the brain associated with carrying out a specific cognitive or motor task that serves as the reference area the resting-state functional connectivity method.

A

seed location

68
Q

The way the fMRI response changes over time.

A

time-series response

69
Q

When measuring resting-state functional connectivity, the activity at the test location is compared to the activity at the seed location to determine the degree of functional connectivity between the two locations.

A

test location

70
Q

Network of structures that are active when a person is not involved in specific tasks.

A

default mode network (DMN)

71
Q
A

Cognitive psychology (11 decks)

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