Whats In A Medicine? Flashcards
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
COOH
double bond to a oxygen and hydroxyl group
What is the functional group of a phenol?
A benzene ring with a hydroxide group
What is the functional group of an acid anhydride?
R-c-o-c-R
|| ||
O O
What is the functional group of an Ester?
O
||
R-C-O-R
What is the functijaj group of an aldehyde?
O
||
R-C-H
What is the functional group of a ketone?
O
||
R-C-R
What is the functional group of an ether?
R-O-R
What is the order of acidity of water, ethanol, carboxylic acid and phenols from weakest acidity?
Alcohol
Water
Phenol
Carboxylic acid
What two substances react with alkalis?
Phenols and carboxylic acid
What do carboxylic acids react with that phenols don’t?
Carbonates
Not strong enough to remove hydrogen from phenol
What is the test for phenols?
Adding iron (iii) chloride
Turns purple
What can phenols react with that carboxylic acids can’t and what does it form?
Phenols react with acid anhydrides to form esters
What forms what you react alcohols with carboxylic acids and what is the catalyst?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid —
What forms what you oxidise a primary alcohol under distillation and what is the catalyst?
Aldehyde is former
Catalyst is acidified potassium dichromate
What forms what you oxidise a promary alcohol under reflux and what is the catalyst?
Carboxylic acid is made
Acidified potassium dichromate is used as a catalyst
What forms when you oxidise a secondary alcohol under reflux?
A ketone is formed
What happens when you oxidise a tertiary alcohol?
Nothing
Why do you need to use distillation to make an aldehyde?
You need to get it out of the oxidising solution as soon as it’s formed before it is further oxidised
What forms when you dehydrate alcohols and what catalysts can you use?
Dehydrating alcohols forms alkenes
Alumina (Al2O3)
Or
Refluxing with concentrated sulfuric acid
What can you also react with alcohol to produce an Ester?
Acid anhydride
More reactive and reacts completely on warming to give a much higher yield
Or carboxylic acid with concentrated HCl catalyst
How can you form haloalkanes from alcohol?
Substitution reaction with halide ions
Strong acid
What does vacuum filtration do?
Removes insoluble part of a mixture
What do you use recrystilation to do?
Separate soluble parts of a mixture
How do you choose the solvent used in recrystilisatin?
Choose a solvent which the desired product is really soluble in when hot but in soluble when cool
What is the M+peak?
The molecule in a sample is bombarded with electrons, this removes an electron from the molecule to form a molecular ion M+
The molecular job peak shows the molecular mass of the compound
What is theM+1 peak caused by?
The presence of 13C isotope
What are peaks on a mass spectrometry?
Due to positive ions and other fragments
What happens when specific frequencies of infrared radiation act on a bond?
The bond in the organic molecule vibrates
What are the steps of recrystallisation?
Dissolve the substance in hot solvent
Use the minimum amount of solvent
Filter hot solution to remove minimum amount of insoluble impurities
Allow to cool/ crystallise
Filter and wash with cold ethanol and dry in oven
Give 4 reasons why recrystallisation can have a low percentage yield?
Loss of product when transferring between beakers
Reaction doesn’t go to completion
Some solid remains in solution after
Loss of solid when washing the final product
how do you remove traces of water to purify?
add ahydrous sodium sulphate
how do you remove acid traces?
add sodium carbonate and shake in a spearating funnel
