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Chemistry OCR B Alevel > Developing Fuels > Flashcards

Developing Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV =nRT

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2
Q

What are the standard conditions?

A

298K

1 atm

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3
Q

Is bond breaking exo or endo thermic?

A

Endo

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4
Q

Is making bonds endo or exo thermic?

A

Exo thermic

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of a heterogeneous catalyst?

A

Reactants adsorb to surface

Bonds are strained and broken

Bonds reform to make products

Product desorb away

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6
Q

What does a catalyst poison do?

A

Poisons adsorb to surface of catalyst more strongly than reactants so they don’t have a catalyst surface

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7
Q

What are the reaction conditions needed for cracking?

A

Hydrocarbon vapour over a heated catalyst

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8
Q

What does aliphatic mean?

A

There is no benzene ring

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9
Q

What does aromatic/ arene mean?

A

There is a benzene ring

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10
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of compounds with the same functional group

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11
Q

What does incomplete combustion form?

A

Carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons and particulates

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12
Q

What is the test for saturation?

A

Bromine water

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13
Q

What catalyst is needed in the electrophillic addition of hydrogen to a Allene?

A

Nickel catalyst, heat and pressure

Or

Platinum catalyst with RTP

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14
Q

Define structural isomer,

A

Same molecular formula, different structural formula

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15
Q

What is a stereoisomers?

A

Same structural formula, different arrangement of atoms in space

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16
Q

Why are heterogeneous catalysts greener than homogeneous?

A

They are easier to separate from the product and recycle

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17
Q

what are the units for ideal gas equation?

A 
p= pressure in pascals - Pa
V= volume in m^2
n= number of moles
R=gas constant 
T= temperature- K
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18
Q

what is significant about gases at the same temperature and pressure?

A

they take up the same volume per mole

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19
Q

what is the volume of 1 mole of gas at room temperature an pressure?

A

24dm^3

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20
Q

what is the enthalpy change of reaction?

A

the enthalpy change when the reaction occurs in molar quantities shown in the chemical equation

21
Q

what is the enthalpy change of formation?

A

when one mole of product is formed from its elements in their standard states

22
Q

what is the enthalpy change of combustion?

A

enthalpy change when one mole of substance is completely burned in oxygen

23
Q

what is the enthalpy change of nuetralisation?

A

the enthalpy change when an acid and an alkali react together under standard conditions to form one mole of water

24
Q

what is average bond enthalpy?

A

the energy needed to break one mole of bonds in the gas phase averaged out over many compounds

25
Q

how can you measure enthalpy change

A

using calorimetry to measure temperature change of a reaction and then use q=mcΔT

26
Q

what is hess’s law?

A

the total enthalpy change of a reaction is the same no matter which route is taken

27
Q

what is the relationship between bond enthalpy and bond length?

A

the larger the bond enthalpy, the shorter the bond due to greater attraction between the molecules

28
Q

what are the conditions needed for cracking?

A

passing hydrocarbon vapour over a heated solid catalyst

or at really high temperature and pressures

29
Q

why is cracking done?

A

to make smaller hydrocarbons which are more useful

30
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a specific group of atoms in a molecule that are responsible for the caracteristic chemical reactions of that molecule

31
Q

what is a pi bond?

A

when 2 p orbitals overlap sideways, due to dumbell shape it forms below and above the molecular axis

32
Q

what is a sigma bond?

A

overlapping of two orbitals

33
Q

what does a double bond consist of?

A

a sigma and a pi bond

34
Q

what shape are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

tetrahedral

35
Q

what shape are unsaturated hyrdocarbons?

A

trigonal planar

36
Q

what can cause structural isomerism?

A

different carbon skeleton (branching)
functional group in a different place
different functional group

37
Q

what is the difference between E/Z and cis/trans?

A

E/Z must contain 1 hydrogen on each carbon in the c=c

38
Q

what is formed under electrophillic adition with:
bromine
hydrogen bromide
water

A

dibromo alkane
bromoalkane
alcohol

39
Q

what are the conditions needed for electrophillic addition with water?

A

concentrated sulfuric acid and water
or
steam withh phosphoric acid catalyst at high temperature and pressure

40
Q

what is formed in complete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide and water

41
Q

what is formed in incomplete combustion?

A

carbon monoxide and water

42
Q

where do particulates come from and what are their implications?

A

from incomplete combustion- particles of liquid or carbon solid

causes respiratory promblems and cardiovascular problems

43
Q

where do unburnt hydrocarbons come from and what are their implications?

A

from incomplete combustion

can react in sunlight to form ground level ozone which can damage lungs

44
Q

where does carbon monoxide come from and what are their implications?

A

from incomplete combustion

it is toxic

45
Q

where does carbon dioxide come from and what are their implications?

A

from combustion, it is a green house gas and causes global warming

46
Q

where does NOx come from and what are their implications?

A

fromed in engines under high pressure and temperatures when oxygen and nitrogen in the air react

causes ground level ozone and photochemical smog

47
Q

where does SOx come from and what does it cause?

A

from burning hydrocarbons with sulfur impurities

causes acid rain

48
Q

why is enthalpy change calculated experimentally smaller than the theoretical value?

A

heat is lost to the surroundings

in complete combustion

evaporation of fuel from the wick

Chemistry OCR B Alevel (14 decks)

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