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Chemistry OCR B Alevel > polymers of life > Flashcards

polymers of life Flashcards

1
Q

what is the general an amino acid?

A

central carbon surrounded by a hydrogen group, a carboxyl group, variable group and amine group

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2
Q

what are proteins an example of?

A

condensation polymers

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3
Q

how do you break down proteins?

A

by hydrolysis

reflux with moderately concentrated hydrochloric acid- hydrolysing the C-N bonds

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4
Q

what can you do to indentify amino acids in a protein?

A

hydrolyse the protein under reflux then use chromatography to separate

compare Rf values to known data base

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5
Q

what is primary structure of proteins?

A

the order of amino acid residues

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6
Q

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

the alpha coiling and formation of beta pleated sheets of the chain

held together by hydrogen bonds between peptide links- between -NH and -C=O

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7
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

the final folding determining the 3D shape f the protein

intemolecular bonds, ionic bonds and covalent bonds.

IDID between non polar R-groups

hydrogen bonds between polar R-groups

ionic bonds between ionisible R-groups

covalent bonds between sulfur containing R-groups on cysteine residues to form disulphide bridges

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8
Q

what is the structure of a nucleotide?

A

made of a phosphate, sugar and a base

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9
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA nucleotides?

A

DNA has deoxyribose sugar, RNA has ribose sugar

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10
Q

how is the sugar phosphate backbone formed?

A

phosphate units join by condensation with deoxyribose or ribose

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11
Q

how do bases join to the phosphate sugar backbone?

A

join by condensation with the deoxyribose

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12
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between Adenine and Thymine?

A

2

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13
Q

how many hydrogen bonds form between Cytosine and Guanine?

A

3

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14
Q

describe DNA replication?

A

hydrogen bonds break between the DNA strands

bases of free nucleotides pair with complementary bases on nucleotides of DNA
- ensures correct nucleotides join in correct place

DNA polymerase joins sugar phsophate backbone of new chain

results in 2 identical molecules, the same as the starting molecules

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15
Q

describe DNA transcription

A

DNA helix unwinds to reveal a single stranded portion

the DNA bases attract free RNA nucleotides with complementary bases

the RNA nucleotides are joined together by RNA polymerase = mRNA

the DNA coils up again

mRNA is released to move arounds cell

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16
Q

describe DNA translation

A

ribosome attaches to mRNA at start codon

tRNA with correct anticodon bases pairs with start codon inside the ribosome

ribosome moves onto next triplet and different tRNA to bring next amino acid that the mRNA codes for

the two amino acids join by a peptide bond

the ribosome moves forward again and first tRNA breaks off from amino acid and next amino acid joins by the tRNA

continues until stop codon

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17
Q

what is a pharmocaphore?

A

the part of a drug that fits into the receptor site and makes it medicinally active

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18
Q

what are 4 things that determine how pharmocaphore interact with the receptor?

A

size - particular size to fit into receptor

shape - particular shape to fit into the receptor

bond formation - functional groups in pharmocaphores form temporary bonds with functional groups in the receptor

orientation- if pharmocaphore is E/Z optical isomer then only one will fit

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19
Q

describe the shape of rate versus substrate concentration curve for an enzyme catalysed reaction with reference to order.

A

at low concentrations of substrate, the order with respect to substrate concentration is one and rate increases as substrate increases however at higher concentrations of substrate the order with respect to substrate is zero as all active sites are in use for catalysis and substrate conc no longer has an effect on rate

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20
Q

what is made when a carboxylic acid reacts with metal?

A

redox reaction, forming carboxylate salt and hydrogen gas

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21
Q

what forms when carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates?

A

carboxylate salt, carbon dioxide, water

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22
Q

what is made when carboxylic acid reacts with alkali?

A

neutralisation, forming carboxylate salt and water

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23
Q

what is a zwitterion?

A

a compound with a positive and a negative charge on it

24
Q

what is the structure of a zwitterion?

A

normal amino acid structure but with a coo- isntead of carboxyl group and NH3+ instead of NH2

25
Q

what is a bronsted lowrey acid?

A

can donate H+

26
Q

What is a bronsted lowrey base?

A

can accept H+

27
Q

describe the reaction of an amine group with acid?

A

the lone pair on the nitrogen accepts proton forming daitive covalent bond with H+ and forming a cation

28
Q

what is the formula of carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

29
Q

what is the formula of a phenol?

A

benzene ring with a hydroxyl group

30
Q

what is the functional group of an acyl chloride?

A

C=O
\
Cl

31
Q

what is the fucntional group of an acid anhydride

A 
|
C = O
 |
O
 |
C = O
 |
32
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A 
|
C = O
 |
O
 |
33
Q

What is the functional group of an aldehyde?

A

-C=O
\
H

34
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone?

A

|
C = O
|

35
Q

what is the functional group of a primary, seconday and tertary amine?

A
  • NH2
  • NH
  • N
36
Q

Nylon x,y

A

X= the number of carbon atoms in the diamine

Y= the number of carbon atoms in the dicarboxylic acid

37
Q

what is the functional group of a primary amide?

A

-c=o
|
NH2

38
Q

what are the conditions needed to make an ester and what reagents does it need?

A

concetrated sulfuric acid and under reflux (leibig condenser)

makes carboxylic acid and an alcohol

39
Q

what conditions are needed for acidic hydrolysis of esters and what is made?

A

moderately concentrated HCl

forms a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

40
Q

what conditions are needed for alkaline hydrolysis of aester and what is made?

A

NaOH

forms a sodium carboxylate salt and an alcohol

41
Q

what is the functional group of a secondary amide?

A 
C
 |
NH
 |
C = O
42
Q

what conditions are needed for acidic hydrolysis of amide and what is made?

A

moderately concentrated HCl (4M)
Reflux, aqeous

carboxylic acid and ammonium

43
Q

what conditions are needed for alkaline hydrolysis of amide and what is made?

A

moderately concentrated NaOH (2M)
reflux, aqeous

carboxylate ion and ammonia

44
Q

what is formed when acyl chloride reacts with an primary amine?

A

secondary amide and HCl

45
Q

what is formed when an acyl chloride reacts with alcohol?

A

carboxylic acid and HCl

46
Q

what is the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation?

A

addition polymers involve double C=C bond opening and joining together to make long chains whereas condensation polymers have to have 2 functional groups these react with another functional group on another monomer to form a link and a small molecule such as water

47
Q

what is a chiral carbon?

A

a carbon with 4 different groups on it

48
Q

what are enantimers?

A

non superimposible mirror images - optical isomers

49
Q

what do enantiomers do to light?

A

they rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions

50
Q

what does nmr stand for?

A

nuclear magnetic resonance

51
Q

what is TMS

A

tetramethylsilane

52
Q

what is the concentration of moderately concentrated HCl

A

4moldm-3

53
Q

what is the concentration of moderatetly concentrated NaOH?

A

2 moldm-3

54
Q

how can high resolution mass spec be used to distinguish between compounds with same Mr?

A

High-resolution MS gives M+ peak (AW) to several decimal places 
different compounds have different Mr values in the decimal places (AW) 
atoms of the elements/C,O,H have Ar values that are not exact whole numbers

55
Q

describe and explain how the structure of enzymes helps them to catalyse reactions

A

They have an active site 

Substrate binds to the active site and reacts with lower EA

56
Q

how do amino acids form zwitterions

A

internal acid base reaction

NH2
gains proton/H+
, OH loses proton

Chemistry OCR B Alevel (14 decks)

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