What to know for Human Nutrition Quiz Flashcards
Distinguish between essential and non-essential nutrients
Essential= cannot be synthesized by the organism, needs to be ingested into the diet
Non-essential= can be made from other amino acids, doesn’t need to be ingested in the diet
Non-essential
can be made from other amino acids, doesn’t need to be ingested in diet
Essential nutrients
Cannot be synthesized by the organism, needs to be ingested in the diet
Define Calorimeter
combusting (burning) a known mass of a food sample, the energy content of the food can be calculated by measuring the heat energy released from the burning food using a CALORIMETER
Outline how to determine the energy content of food (calorimetry).
Heat from the burning food is transferred to the water and the temperature increase of the water is used to calculate the energy content of the food sample (using the specific heat capacity of water: the amount of energy required to raise 1g of water 1℃ = 4.18 Joules)
What must be known/ kept constant in calorimetry?
mass of food sample
-mass/ volume of water (1g = 1ml)
-starting temperature of water
-distance between calorimeter and burning food sample
What error typically occurs in Calorimetry?
error is often caused by heat loss to environment and/ or incomplete combustion of food sample
What error typically occurs in Calorimetry?
error is often caused by heat loss to environment and/ or incomplete combustion of food sample
Effects of insufficient amounts of Vitamin D
Insufficient Vitamin D (and lowered Ca2+ levels) may cause rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults)
Consequences of insufficient vitamin D intake
Lack of vitamin D or calcium can affect bone mineralization and cause rickets or osteomalacia
What controls appetite?
the hypothalamus
Define malnutrition
Malnutrition is a health condition that is caused by a deficiency, imbalance, or excess nutrients in the diet
What are the two types of malnutrition?
Over-nutrition and undernutrition
Outline the health consequences of obesity
Obesity can provoke an increase in high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and heart disease
Outline the health consequences of starvation and anorexia
Starvation= body will begin to break down OWN tissue when not receiving enough energy from diet
Anorexia= in severe cases, the body will begin breaking down the heart. Additionally, the heart muscle atrophies are weakened and blood pressure drops
Starvation
severe restriction (deficiency) of daily energy intake
Anorexia
eating disorder where individuals severely limit food intake
Explain how cholesterol levels in the blood are an indicator of the risk of CHD (coronary heart disease)
Too much LDL cholesterol in your blood increases your risk for coronary artery disease and other heart diseases. High LDL levels can cause the buildup of a sticky substance called plaque in your arteries. Over time, plaque can narrow your arteries or fully block them.
LDL
Bad
HDL
Good
What does LDL transport?
carries cholesterol FROM the liver TO the body (increase blood cholesterol levels)
What does HDL transport?
carries cholesterol FROM the body TO the liver (for disposal - decreasing blood cholesterol levels)
What effects the amount of cholesterol in the blood?
The TYPE (and amount) of fat (fatty acids) a person eats every day affects the amount of cholesterol in the blood:
Saturated Fats
Increase in LDL levels= increase in cholesterol
Trans fats
Increase in LDL levels and decrease in HDL levels= significantly high blood cholesterol
Cis-polyunsaturated fats
Increase in HDL levels= decrease blood cholesterol levels
