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Biology > Human Digestion > Flashcards

Human Digestion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

Protein digestion begins in the stomach ( pepsinogen/pepsin )

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2
Q

What are the steps of digestion?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, assimilation, egestion

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3
Q

Why do human’s need to digest food?

A

Food molecules ingested are typically large insoluble macromolecules that must be hydrolyzed to be absorbed, to pass through cell membranes

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4
Q

What is the macromolecule of a protein?

A

Protein

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5
Q

What is the form of a protein after digestion?

A

Amino Acid

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6
Q

What is the macromolecule of a lipid?

A

Triglyceride

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7
Q

What is the form of a lipid after digestion?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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8
Q

What is the macromolecule of a carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharides

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9
Q

What is the form of a carbohydrate after digestion?

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

What is the macromolecule of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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11
Q

What is the form of nucleic acid after digestion?

A

Nucleotides

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12
Q

Describe the alimentary canal

A

long, muscular, digestive tube

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13
Q

What composes accessory digestive organs?

A

liver, pancreas, and gall bladder

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14
Q

What composes the alimentary canal?

A

esophagus, stomach, small and large

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15
Q

Which canal does food pass through?

A

Alimentary canal

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16
Q

Where does food not pass through

A

liver, pancreas, gall bladder

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17
Q

What do accessory digestive organs do?

A

Aid in digestion

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18
Q

Where does chemical digestion occur?

A

Small intestine

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19
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

physically breaking large molecules into smaller “chunks” ( chewing, mixing, churning of food )

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20
Q

What is the inner portion of the esophagus called?

A

The hollow inner portion of the esophagus is called the lumen

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21
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Hydrolysis ( enzymes ), macromolecules hydrolyzed into smaller and smaller molecules through enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

catabolic reactions that dominate the digestive process

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

enzymes are globular proteins that lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and speed up the rate of chemical reactions

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24
Q

Where are digestive enzymes released into?

A

The gut from the exocrine glands and pancreas

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25
Q

What do exocrine glands have?

A

ducts and secrete substances to an epithelial surface

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26
Q

Where is salivary amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands

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27
Q

Where is the site of action for salivary amylase?

A

Mouth/ esophagus

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28
Q

Where is pepsin/protease produced?

A

Gastric glands and stomach cells

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29
Q

Where is the site of action for pepsin/protease?

A

Stomach

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30
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Pancreas and salivary glands

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31
Q

Where is the site of action for amylase?

A

Lumen of the small intestine

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32
Q

Where is endopeptidase/protease produced?

A

Pancreas

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33
Q

Where is the site of action for protease/ endopeptidase?

A

Lumen of the small intestine

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34
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancrease

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35
Q

Where is the site of action for lipase?

A

Lumen of the small intestine

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36
Q

Where is nuclease produced?

A

Pancreas

37
Q

Where is the site of action for nuclease?

A

Lumen of the small intestine

38
Q

What are the three main parts of the alimentary canal?

A

Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

39
Q

What do nervous and hormonal mechanisms control?

A

the section of digestive juices and control the volume of content of the gastric secretions

40
Q

What do HCl conditions in the stomach do?

A

HCL conditions in the stomach favor some hydrolysis reactions and help to control pathogens in ingested good

41
Q

Pepsinogen

A

a protease that hydrolyzes peptide bonds in proteins

42
Q

How is pepsinogen activated?

A

Pepsinogen is activated into pepsin in the stomach by HCl

43
Q

What does HCl in the stomach help?

A

HCl in the stomach helps to initially denature proteins and kill pathogenic bacteria and fungi in ingested foods

44
Q

How are acidic conditions in the stomach maintained?

A

Acidic conditions of the stomach are tainted by proton pumps in parietal cells in the gastric pits

45
Q

How are acidic conditions in the stomach maintained?

A

Acidic conditions of the stomach are tainted by proton pumps in parietal cells in the gastric pits

46
Q

Stomach uvlers

A

inflamed/ damaged areas of open sores in the stomach wall

47
Q

What causes stomach ulcers?

A

caused by exposure of stomach cells to stomach acid

48
Q

How does helicobacter pylori survive acidic conditions in the stomach?

A

Penetrates mucus lining ( mucosa )

49
Q

What additional factors can cause ulcers?

A

Stress/diet/ overuse of aspirin, ibuprofen, NSAIDS

50
Q

Where do exocrine glands do?

A

Exocrine glands secrete to the surface of the body or lumen of the gut

51
Q

Exocrine glands in the digestive system

A

liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, intestinal lands, gastric glands

52
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands have ducts ( tube-like structures ) through which their products are secreted

53
Q

Which ducts secrete digestive juices?

A

Salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, glands in the wall of the small intestine

54
Q

What is similar to all digestive juices?

A

all contain water, mucous, and salts

55
Q

What are the digestive juices?

A

saliva, gastric juice, and pancreatic juice

56
Q

Where is saliva found?

A

mouth/throat

57
Q

What is the function of saliva

A

convert starch into maltose

58
Q

Where is gastric juice found?

A

stomach

59
Q

What is the function of gastric juice?

A

Convert proteins into polypeptides

60
Q

Where is pancreatic juice found?

A

Small intestine/ duodenum

61
Q

What is the function of pancreatic juice?

A

Convert proteins into polypeptides, convert triglycerides into glycerol + fatty acids, and convert starch into maltose

62
Q

What do most enzymes digest?

A

Enzymes digest most macromolecules in food into monomers in the small intestine

63
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

The pancreas secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine

64
Q

Where are enzymes secreted>

A

Enzymes are secreted by the pancreas through a duct into the lumen of the small intestine

65
Q

Serosa

A

Protective outer covering

66
Q

Longitudinal muscles

A

Peristalsis (move food along gut/ mix with enzymes)

67
Q

Circular muscles

A

Segmentation (prevent backward movement of food/ mix with enzymes)

68
Q

Submucosa

A

Separates innermost mucosa from muscles

69
Q

Mucosa

A

Highly folded inner epithelial layer (villi and microvilli) to increase the surface area for absorption of monomers from the intestinal lumen

70
Q

Mucosa

A

Highly folded inner epithelial layer (villi and microvilli) to increase the surface area for absorption of monomers from the intestinal lumen

71
Q

Lumen

A

The lumen (inner-most, hollow tube) of the small intestine is lined with folded/ finger-like (increased surface area) projections of the mucosa called villi

72
Q

What do microvilli increase?

A

Microvilli increase the surface area for
absorption

72
Q

What do microvilli increase?

A

Microvilli increase the surface area for
absorption

72
Q

What do microvilli increase?

A

Microvilli increase the surface area for
absorption

73
Q

What are the different methods of membrane transport?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis

74
Q

Diffusion

A

Fatty acids and other small,
non-polar substances
easily pass through the hydrophobic cell
membranes of epithelial cells through simple diffusion

75
Q

Osmosis

A

Water diffuses across epithelial cell membranes in response to movement of
ions and other hydrophilic monomers (occurs in small intestine and large intestine)

76
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Protein channels within epithelial cell membranes (of villi and microvilli) allow passage of hydrophilic food molecules (water-soluble/ polar molecules like fructose, vitamins, glucose, amino acids, and minerals)

77
Q

Active transport

A

Glucose and amino acids are pumped (membrane proteins) against their concentration gradients, or they are transported with Na+ ions (co-transport) as Na+ ions are actively pumped across the membrane (secondary active transport)

78
Q

Endocytosis

A

Invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle around bulk fluids/ large molecules that must remain intact in the intestinal lumen and bring them into the cell (pinocytosis: “cell drinking”)

78
Q

Endocytosis

A

Invagination of the cell membrane to form a vesicle around bulk fluids/ large molecules that must remain intact in the intestinal lumen and bring them into the cell (pinocytosis: “cell drinking”)

79
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water/minerals/vitamins/ions

80
Q

Egestion

A

Materials not absorbed are egested= BELCH

81
Q

Rate of transit is correlated with what…

A

he RATE of transit of materials through the large intestine is positively correlated with their fiber content (More fiber = faster rate of transit = less exposure to undesirable food chemicals etc./ decreases contact time between intestinal wall and food)

82
Q

Why is fiber in the diet important?

A

helps “clean out” old/ damaged intestinal cells and unabsorbed materials, it provides bulk to keep materials moving, it absorbs water to keep faeces soft and easy to pass, “works out” the body’s normal microflora, reduces frequency of constipation, lowers risk of colon and rectal cancers, lowers blood cholesterol, regulates blood sugar levels (slows absorption rate of glucose), and decreases hunger (aids in weight management/ prevention of obesity)

83
Q

Chlorea toxin causes

A

Dehydration

84
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

bacterial pathogen that infects intestines

85
Q

Why does cholera toxin cause dehydration?

A

V. cholerae releases a toxin that binds to a receptor on the epithelial cells in the intestine.

Biology (7 decks)

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