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Biology > Plant Structure and Growth > Flashcards

Plant Structure and Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

Similarity of apical and lateral meristems

A

Both apical and lateral meristems rely on totipotent cell divisions for growth this increases plant volume & mass

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2
Q

Node

A

A point in a plant stem at which one or more leaves are attached

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3
Q

What is the function of plant roots?

A

absorb water and mineral ions, anchor plant to the ground

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4
Q

What is the function of stems?

A

provides attachment for leaves ( at nodes ), transports nutrients

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5
Q

What is the function of a plants leaves?

A

perform photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration

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6
Q

What is the one non-vascular plant studied?

A

phylum brophyta

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7
Q

Describe phylum bryophyta

A

Non-vascular plant, small, lack leaves and stems, no xylem or phloem tissue, produces using spores

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8
Q

What is an example of a phylum Bryophyta?

A

moss and liverworts

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9
Q

describe vascular plants

A

have conductive vascular tissue, xylem and phloem

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10
Q

What are the types of vascular plants studied?

A

Spermatophytes, phylum filicophyta, phylum angiospermophyta, and phylum Coniferophyta

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11
Q

Describe spermatophytes

A

produce seeds

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12
Q

Describe Phylum Filicophyta

A

has pinnate leaves, reproduces using spores released from sori

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13
Q

Example of a Phylum Filicophyta

A

Ferns

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14
Q

Describe Phylum Angiospermophyta

A

flowering plants

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15
Q

Example of Phylum Anigospermophyta

A

sunflower

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16
Q

Describe a Phylum Coniferophyta

A

seeds are in cones ( naked seeds )

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17
Q

Example of a Phylum Coniferophyta

A

Conifers

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18
Q

Phylum Angiospermophytas are either…

A

monocots, or dicots

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19
Q

Monocots

A

one seed leaf ( grass, orchids )

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20
Q

Dicots

A

Two seed leaves ( roses )

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21
Q

What do undifferentiated cells in the meristems allow?

A

undifferentiated cells in the meristems of plants allow indeterminate growth

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22
Q

Meristems

A

tissues containing totipotent/ undifferentiated cells capable of indeterminate growth

23
Q

indeterminate growth

A

allows a plant to go through mitosis to grow and add new structures forever, as long as resources are accessible

24
Q

What are the 3 most basic tissues?

A

Dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue

25
Q

Vascular tissue

A

xylem transports water and minerals and provides support, and phloem transports sugars and provides support

26
Q

What are the two types of meristems?

A

Apical and Lateral

27
Q

Apical Meristem

A

primary growth

28
Q

Where is the apical meristem found?

A

found at the apex tips of roots and stems

29
Q

What is the function of apical meristems?

A

Allows plants to grow taller and produce new leaves, flowers, fruits, and allows roots to extend throughout the soil

30
Q

Lateral Meristem

A

Secondary growth

31
Q

Where are lateral meristems found?

A

One the side, in the cambium

32
Q

What is the function of lateral meristems?

A

Allows plant stems and roots to grow outward, become thicker, and produce secondary phloem and xylem cork and bark

33
Q

Compare and contrast apical vs lateral meristems growth location

A

Apical growth: occurs at the apex/tips of stems and roots
Lateral growth: occurs at cambium in woody trees/shrubs

34
Q

Compare and contrast apical vs lateral meristems directional growth

A

Apical meristem: adds vertical growth to roots and stems
Lateral meristem: adds lateral growth, widens and thickens, stems and roots of plants

35
Q

Compare and contrast the end products of apical vs lateral meristems

A

Apical meristem: produces new leaves and flowers/fruits
Lateral meristem: produces bark and wood on trees/ woody shrubs

36
Q

Compare and contrast apical vs lateral meristems developmental growth

A

Apical meristem: develops into primary xylem and phloem
Lateral meristem: produces secondary xylem and phloem

37
Q

What do plant hormones control?

A

Plant hormones control growth in the shoot apex

38
Q

Phytohormones

A

plant hormones

39
Q

How is auxin produced?

A

produced by cells in the shot apex ( apical meristem )

40
Q

Auxin

A

main plant hormone promotes growth in the shoot apex by inhibiting growth in the lateral/ axillary buds

41
Q

Auxin

A

main plant hormone promotes growth in the shoot apex by inhibiting growth in the lateral/ axillary buds

42
Q

Where are apical and lateral meristems found?

A

Apical and lateral meristems are found in dicots and gymnosperms (woody plants)

43
Q

tropism

A

a directional response in a plant to an external stimulus ( light, chemicals, gravity, touch )

44
Q

Positive tropism

A

plant growth is toward the stimulus

45
Q

Negative tropism

A

Plant growth is away from the stimulus

46
Q

phototropism

A

is a positive and negative tropism in plant stems

47
Q

What is phototropism controlled by?

A

Auxin

48
Q

What do high concentrations of auxin stimulate?

A

in stems and shoots, high concentrations of auxin stimulate cell elongation and growth by changing patterns of gene expression

49
Q

Auxin efflux pumps

A

actively transport auxin out of cells to redistribute it within plant tissues, creating auxin concentration gradients and causing certain plant tissues to contain higher concentrations of auxin than others

50
Q

How does auxin influence cell growth rates?

A

auxin influences cells growth rates by changing the pattern of gene expression

51
Q

Micropropogation

A

a technique used to asexually reproduce large numbers of identical plants

52
Q

What does micropropagation utilize?

A

micropropagation of plants utilizes tissues from the shoot apex, nutrient agar gels, and growth hormones

53
Q

What is micropropagation used for?

A

Micropropagation is used for rapid bulking of new charities, production of virus-free strains of existing varieties, and propagation of orchids and other endangered species

54
Q

Shoot apex

A

The shoot apex is the tip of the stem, which contains meristematic cells and the region of growth

Biology (7 decks)

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