Human Nutrition

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

quick release of energy, easily digestible and transportable

Question 2

Carbohydrates ( sugar/starches )

Answer 2

quick energy, short term storage, easily digestible and transportable, used as body’s primary energy source

Question 3

Lipids ( fats )

Answer 3

2x energy per gram than carbs, long term storage, harder to digest and transport

Question 4

Proteins

Answer 4

long chains of amino acids and carbon atoms

Question 5

What can proteins be used for?

Answer 5

cellular respiration

Question 5

What can proteins be used for?

Answer 5

cellular respiration

Question 5

What can proteins be used for?

Answer 5

cellular respiration

Question 6

Why can excess amino acids not be stored in the body?

Answer 6

Proteins are harder to metabolize and they produce nitrogenous wastes that must be removed from the body

Question 7

1 food calorie=

Answer 7

1000 calories

Question 8

How is the energy content of a food calculated?

Answer 8

burning a known mass of a food sample, the energy content of the food can be calculated by measuring the heat energy released from the burning food using a calorimeter

Question 9

What is the equation to calculate energy content of food?

Answer 9

Mass of water (g) x 4.2 (J/g℃) x Temp increase (℃)

Question 10

What must be held constant in calorimetry?

Answer 10

-mass of food sample
-mass/ volume of water (1g = 1ml)
-starting temperature of water
-distance between calorimeter and burning food sample

Question 11

Nutrient

Answer 11

a chemical substance found in food that is used in the body

Question 12

What are the six different types of nutrients?

Answer 12

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

Question 13

What is an essential nutrient?

Answer 13

A nutrient that cannot be replaced or synthesized by the body, so it must be ingested in the diet

Question 14

What is a non-essential nutrient?

Answer 14

A nutrient that can be synthesized by the body or have a replacement nutrient which serves same dietary purpose

Question 15

Examples of essential nutrients

Answer 15

Water
Minerals
Some vitamins
Some unsaturated fatty acids
Some amino acids

Question 16

Examples of non-essential nutrients

Answer 16

Carbohydrates/sugars/ starches (energy could come from proteins/fats)
Other minerals and some vitamins
Saturated fatty acids
Some amino acids

Question 17

What are dietary minerals?

Answer 17

Dietary minerals are inorganic elements in ionic form

Question 18

How is muscle cramping caused?

Answer 18

electrolyte imbalance, Na and Ca

Question 19

What are vitamins?

Answer 19

Vitamins are organic carbon-based compounds

Question 20

Water soluble

Answer 20

excess lost in urine so need to be consistently
consumed = B, C

Question 21

Fat Soluble

Answer 21

Fat-soluble (can be stored within the body/ liver = A, D, E, K)

Question 22

What is the function of Vitamin C

Answer 22

Collagen production (healing & skin growth), immune system, blood vessel elasticity

Question 23

Sources of vitamin C

Answer 23

Fruit; citrus

Question 24

What is the function of vitamin A?

Answer 24

Eye function, vision, hair, skin

Question 25

Sources of Vitamin A

Answer 25

Dairy, meat, and fish

Question 26

What is the function of Vitamin B?

Answer 26

Nervous system control, digestion, coenzymes

Question 27

Sources of vitamin B

Answer 27

Dairy, meat, spinach, broccoli, bananas

Question 28

What is the function of vitamin D?

Answer 28

Calcium absorption – bones & teeth

Question 29

Sources of vitamin D

Answer 29

Fish oils, egg yolk, enriched dairy products

Question 30

Vitamin C

Answer 30

Absorb Acid

Question 31

What does the synthesis of Vitamin C require?

Answer 31

The synthesis of Vitamin C from glucose requires four enzymes

Question 32

What is the result of failure to ingest Vitamin C?

Answer 32

Failure to ingest adequate amounts of Vitamin C results in scurvy (and weakened immune system function)

Question 33

What is the effect of a lack of Vitamin D?

Answer 33

Lack of vitamin D or calcium can affect bone mineralization and cause rickets or osteomalacia

Question 34

What does Vitamin D aid?

Answer 34

Aids in the formation and reparation of bones aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 35

Rickets

Answer 35

Develops in children when the bones near the growth plates do not mineralize properly Leads to irregular, thick & wide bone growth (decreased height/ bowed legs )

Question 36

Osteomalacia

Answer 36

Bone plates in adults are fully formed so you cannot develop rickets but you may develop a similar condition called osteomalacia = “soft bones”(painful/ weak bones, difficulty walking, increased fractures)

Question 37

Osteomalacia

Answer 37

Bone plates in adults are fully formed so you cannot develop rickets but you may develop a similar condition called osteomalacia = “soft bones”(painful/ weak bones, difficulty walking, increased fractures)

Question 38

What are the two essential fatty acids?

Answer 38

Omega 3 and Omega 6

Question 39

Why are omega 3 and omega 6 essential?

Answer 39

omega-3 & omega-6) are ESSENTIAL (required) in the human diet since we lack the enzymes to make these fatty acids from other fatty acids or precursors (triglycerides/ phospholipids

Question 40

Where can omega 3 and omega 6 found?

Answer 40

fish, walnuts, and leafy vegetables

Question 41

How is a fatty acid determined?

Answer 41

A fatty acid type is determined by the number of carbon atoms and the number of locations and double bonds

Question 42

Describe fats and cholesterol

Answer 42

Fats and cholesterol are non- polar/ hydrophobic (difficult to transport in the blood)so they are “packaged” with proteins to form transport structures called lipoproteins.

Question 43

What are the two types of lipoproteins?

Answer 43

LDL and HDL

Question 44

What is the function of LDL?

Answer 44

carry cholesterol FROM the liver TO the body

Question 45

What is the function of HDL?

Answer 45

carry cholesterol FROM the body TO the liver

Question 46

What do saturated fats do?

Answer 46

increase LDL levels, increase blood cholesterol

Question 47

What do trans fats do?

Answer 47

Increase LDL levels decreased HDL levels, and significantly increase blood cholesterol

Question 48

What do cis-polyunsaturated fats do?

Answer 48

Increase in HDL levels, decrease in blood cholesterol levels

Question 49

Atherosclerosis

Answer 49

build-up of plaque deposits in arteries

Question 50

Atherosclerosis

Answer 50

build-up of plaque deposits in arteries

Question 51

Conditionally non-essential

Answer 51

some aa’s are only essential during infancy or pregnancy, or for people suffering from a particular disease

Question 52

Lack of one or more essential amino acids

Answer 52

certain proteins cannot be synthesized (protein deficiency

Question 53

Phenylketonuria

Answer 53

genetically inherited disease

Question 54

How is Phenylketonuria caused?

Answer 54

caused by a person’s chemical inability to metabolize the aa phenylalanine (into tyrosine)

Question 55

What is the result of excess phenylalanine?

Answer 55

Excess phenylalanine may result in mental deficiency, behavioral problems, seizures & other developmental problems

Question 56

Malnutrition

Answer 56

Malnutrition is a health condition that is caused by a deficiency, imbalance, or excess nutrients in the diet

Question 57

What is the recommended daily calorie intake?

Answer 57

2000 calories/ 8700kJ (BUT varies based on age, gender, activity, medical conditions, etc.)

Question 58

What controls a persons desire to eat?

Answer 58

the hypothalamus

Question 59

How is body mass index calculated?

Answer 59

Mass in kg/ (height in m)^2

Question 60

What are factors that influence obesity?

Answer 60

Increase in sugar rich, high-energy food consumption, decrease in physical exercise