What's this all about?

Question 1

What are the 6 sections of research papers?

Answer 1

Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Analyzed
Discussion

Question 2

What is the first question you should ask when reading a paper?

Answer 2

What is the hypothesis being tested?

Question 3

What are primary studies?

Answer 3

Experiments/observations/clinical trial

Question 4

What are secondary studies?

Answer 4

Reviews
Economic analyses
Decision analyses

Question 5

What is the second question that should be asked when analyzing studies?

Answer 5

What type of study is it?

Question 6

What is the third question that should be asked when analyzing a paper?

Answer 6

Was the study design appropriate to the topic

Question 7

Cohort studies are almost always retrospective or prospective?

Answer 7

Retrospective

Question 8

Case-control studies are almost always retrospective or prospective?

Answer 8

Prospective

Question 9

What are case control studies?

Answer 9

Look at people and see what happened to them

Question 10

What are cross-sectional surveys?

Answer 10

Surveying a population for characteristics

Question 11

What are systematic reviews/meta-analyses?

Answer 11

Used to evaluate groups of people

Question 12

What is the best study design for an intervention?

Answer 12

RCT

Question 13

What is the best study design for a harm/risk/etiology study?

Answer 13

RCT, but RCTs to assess harmful outcomes are not ethical

Question 14

When are case-control studies performed?

Answer 14

Subjects with and without outcome of interest are compared for previous exposure

Question 15

What are the best studies for diagnostic studies?

Answer 15

Independent and blinded compared to gold standard

Question 16

What are the best prognosis/prediction studies?

Answer 16

Cohort studies

Question 17

Randomization decreases what?

Answer 17

Selection bias

Question 18

Why should randomization be “sealed”?

Answer 18

To prevent selection bias

Question 19

Which are more biased: retrospective, or prospective studies?

Answer 19

Retrospective

Question 20

What are the advantages of a RCT?

Answer 20

Allows for rigorous evaluation of

Question 21

RCTs are retrospective or prospective?

Answer 21

Retrospective

Question 22

RCTs seek to confirm a null or the alternative hypothesis?

Answer 22

Confirm null

Question 23

True or false: RCTs allow for meta analyses

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or false: RCTs minimize bias

Answer 24

True

Question 25

How can you get bias in RCTs?

Answer 25

Not randomize fully

Failure to blind

Question 26

What are the two situations where RCTs are impractical?

Answer 26

Randomization would be unethical

Number of subjects needed for randomization too huge

Question 27

What are the three situations where randomization is inappropriate?

Answer 27

Study involves prognosis of disease

Investigating the validity of a diagnostic test

Investigating QOC when “success” is not known.

Question 28

True or false: there is no intervention involved in cohort studies?

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Are there any interventions in case-control studies?

Answer 29

No–observational

Question 30

Are case-control studies randomized?

Answer 30

No

Question 31

Why are case-control studies more prone to bias than cohort studies?

Answer 31

Hospitalized pts may be very different from outpatients with the same disease

Question 32

Case-control studies are generally concerned with what?

Answer 32

Harm or etiology

Question 33

What are case-sectional survey studies?

Answer 33

Follow control and experimental populations that already exist

Question 34

What are case-control studies used for?

Answer 34

Determining etiology

Question 35

True or false: systematic reviews include all original reports available, even if unpublished

Answer 35

True

Question 36

What are the advantages of a systematic review/meta-analysis?

Answer 36

Reduce bias
Large amounts of data
More reliable conclusions