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Evidence Based Medicine > Stats I > Flashcards

Stats I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major statistical methods?

A

Descriptive stats

Inferential stats

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2
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

Describe collected data

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3
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Estimation and hypothesis testing to make decisions about populations

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4
Q

What are experimental units?

A

Object upon which we collect data (people, schools, hospitals etc)

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5
Q

What is a population?

A

All items of interest

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6
Q

What are variables?

A

Characteristics of individual experiemental units

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7
Q

What is a sample?

A

Subset of the units of a population

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8
Q

What are parameters?

A

numbers that summarize data for an entire population

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9
Q

What is a statistic?

A

numbers that summarize data from a sample, i.e. some subset of the entire population

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10
Q

Samples come from what?

A

Population or a process

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11
Q

What are the two categories of variables?

A

Categorical

Quantitative

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12
Q

What is a categorical variable?

A

The presence of absence of something

The relative weight or rank of the thing that is of research interest

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13
Q

What is a process?

A

A series of actions or operations that transforms inputs to outputs

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14
Q

What is the nominal scale?

A

Categories without order

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15
Q

What are ordinal scales?

A

Nominal variables with an inherent order among the categories

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16
Q

What are interval scales?

A

Measurable difference or interval or distance between observations

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17
Q

What is a ratio?

A

Same as interval, but with an absolute reference point

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18
Q

How is qualitative data presented?

A

Bar graphs

Pie charts

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19
Q

How is quantitative data presented?

A

Dot plot
Stem & leaf plot
Frequency distribution

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20
Q

What is a summary table?

A

Lists categories and number of elements in a category

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21
Q

What is a class?

A

One categories into which qualitative data can be classified

22
Q

What is class frequency?

A

The number of observations in the date set falling into a particualr class

23
Q

What is the class relative frequency?

A

the class frequency, divided by the total numbers of observations in the data set

24
Q

What is a class percentage?

A

the class relative frequency, multiplied by 100

25
Q

What is a stem and leaf plot?

A

Tens place on the left hand side of a bar, with ones place of data on the right.

26
Q

What is a histogram?

A

bar graph of non-categorical values

27
Q

What is a dot plot?

A

Dots on a horizontal scale (Y axis being frequency)

28
Q

What is a central tendency?

A

tendency of the data to cluster or center about certain numerical values

29
Q

What is variability?

A

Spread of the data

30
Q

n is notation for what? How about N?

A 
n = sample
N = population
31
Q

Sample mean has what notation?

A

X bar

32
Q

Population mean has what notation?

A

μ

33
Q

Why is the mean not always the best measure of central tendency?

A

Affected by extreme values

34
Q

What happens to the median if there is an even number of values?

A

average of two central points

35
Q

What is the value of the median?

A

Not affected by extreme values

36
Q

What is the only measure of central tendency that can be used on qualitative variables?

A

Mode

37
Q

What is the range?

A

Measure of dispersion

difference between the highest and lowest values in a given set of values

38
Q

What is the notation for standard deviation for a sample? Population?

A

s for sample

Sigma for population

39
Q

Variance is what?

A

s^2

Sigma ^2

40
Q

Why do you subtract 1 from n in the denominator for variance calculations of samples?

A

Degree of freedom

41
Q

What does it mean for a bell curve to be symmetric?

A

Mean=median

42
Q

if mean

A

Left skewed

43
Q

if mean > median, then the bell curve is curved left or right?

A

Right skewed

44
Q

1 standard deviation accounts for what percent (in a normal distribution)?

A

68%

45
Q

2 standard deviations account for what percent (in a normal distribution)?

A

95%

46
Q

3 standard deviations account for what percent (in a normal distribution)?

A

99.7%

47
Q

Which scale: simplest level of measurement–categories without order (qualitative)

A

Nominal scale

48
Q

Which scale: Nominal variables with an inherent order among the categories (qualitative)

A

Ordinal

49
Q

Which scale: Measureable difference or interval or distance between observations

A

Interval scale

50
Q

Which scale: measureable or interval distance between observations, with an absolute reference point (such as 0)

A

Ratio

Evidence Based Medicine (13 decks)

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