What effect did the war and terror have on France 1793-4 Flashcards
How many deputies voted the King guilty/not guilty
693 deputies voted him as guilty- none against though there were some abstentions
How many people rejected/accepted the idea that there should be a referendum
rejected by 424 to 283
When was the King executed
21st January 1793
What caused the rising in the Vendee
mainly against the levees
What was the nature of the Vendee uprising
- massacres of local officials, juring priests and National Guards- guerrilla warfare spread through he countryside
- convention forced to send 30,000 men from front to control the rebellion BUT continued to spread
When was the committee of general security set up
Oct 1792
What was the role of CGS
est to take responsibility for policing and administration of justice- reduced from 30 to 12 at the beginning of 1793
When was the first levee ordered and how many men did it require
February 1793 and draft of 300,000 men
Who were the representants en mission
appointed to ensure loyalty and effective functioning of the departments
ensure public order was maintained, arrest any considered suspect ensure food supplies and supervise levies
When was a revolutionary tribunal set up
March 1793
Why was the revolutionary tribunal set up
established to try counter-revolutionaries
What was the nature of the law passed on the 19 March 1793
decreed that rebels bearing arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours
When was the committee of public safety set up
April 1793
What was the CPS
authority over ministers to coordinate war effort
Factors which contributed to the purging of the Girondins
- highly unpopular with sans culottes as they feared their radicalisation and sans culottes blamed them for the war
- group of extremists and national guard surrounded convention and demanded removal of the girondins- convention agreed in fear
What contributed to the dissatisfaction of the sans culottes
wages, food prices and living conditions in Paris were little better than in 1789
british naval blockade and ear in colonies had hit food imports and the assignats brought inflation
How much did the average food prices rise by between 1791 and 1793
rose by 90%
What was the nature of Marat’s L’Ami du Peuple
blamed the Girondins for France’s problems
What was the nature of the federalists revolt
provinces were unhappy with Jacobin decisions and began to protest
troops sent in to stop things
convention tried to cut off food supplies to stop the revolt
little cooperation between revolts meant that they were put down easily
When was the levee en masse introduced
23 August 1793
What did the levee en masse decree
ordered that all French people are on permanent requisition for the services of the armies
What was the criteria in the levee en masse
- all men without immediate dependents aged 18-25 were to give immediate military service
- married men were to forge weapons and transport supplies
- women were to make tents and serve in hospitals
- children were to shred old linen lint
- the old were to be brought to public squares to excite the courage of the warriors, preach hatred of kings and the unity of the republic
What was the law of suspects
all enemies to be imprisoned indefinitely without trial or placed before revolutionary tribunal
harsh justice had been symptomatic of the sans culottes now it was coming from the authorities
responsibility for rounding up the enemies lay with the revolutionary armies
When was Marat murdered
July 1793
When was the armees revolutionaires set up
9 September 1793
What was the armees revolutionaires
sans culottes paramilitary force to force farmers to surrender grain and attack hoarders
When was the law of suspects passed
17 September 1793
When was the new law of the general maximum passed
29 September 1793
What was the nature of the new law of the general maximum
laid down max price for grain, flour, meat, oil, onions, soap, firewood, leather and paper
When did the show trials begin
October 1793
Who did the show trials led to the guillotining of
Marie Antoinette- 16 October
31 former girondin ministers- 31 October
Duc d’Orleans- 6 Nov
Madame Roland (wife of an ex girondin minister)- 9 Nov
How many people were guillotined in the last 3 months of 1793
180 guillotined and about half a million condemned to imprisonment in Paris and the provinces
Terror in the Vendee
total of 7873 guillotined and many more shot without trial
Terror in Toulon
recaptured on 19 December (Napoleon)
around 700-800 prisoners we shot or slain by bayonet in a massacre
Terror in Lyons
condemned were killed using canons loaded with grape shot which propelled them into mass graves
by end of 1794 at least 2000 people had been executed
Dec 1793- 935 prisoners are shot with cannonballs, grapeshot and musket fire into mass graves
When did the Paris commune make dechristianisation an official policy
October 1793
What was the nature of dechristianisation
catholic church came under attack
campaign to close all churches by the spring of 1794, to destroy all religious signs and symbols and force priests to marry or adopt orphans
stopped paying clerical salaries in May 1793
Nov- closure of all Parisian churches
What the Notre Dame become
the temple of reason
How did the convention encourage dechristianisation
sanctioned the deportation of any priests denounced by 6 citizens and supported new revolutionary calender
Who was dechristianisation met with anger by
conservative rural peasantry
What was the cult of reason
promoted the belief of the idea of reason in order to bring citizens to a final end of being virtuous and moral
When did the festival of reason start
Nov 1793
When were violent attacks on religion prohibited again
Dec 1793
When was the Law of 14 Frimaire passed
4 December 1793
What was the nature of the Law of 14 Frimaire
gave dictatorship to the CPS- suspending the 1793 constitution
disbanded the revolutionary armies (except that of Paris) , representatives-en-missinn and all unofficial bodies
revolutionary tribunals in the provinces also abolished in May 1794
Purging of the Herbertistes
sans culottes favoured Herbert’s policies which included executing hoarders and property redistribution
Robespierre countered Herbert’s attack by claiming that he was planning a military dictatorship
Herbert executed for attempting to bring about military dictatorship
Purging of the Indulgents
- Danton and Desmoulins wished to see the relaxation of the terror
- wanted to see the end of war as this would allow end of terror
- Danton had large following in convention which threatened CPS
- CPS thought end of terror would see return of monarchy and so arrested Danton for financial scandal
- Danton, Desmoulins and their followers were executed in April 1794 and this served to suppress all criticism of the CPS and their policies
Great Terror
all enemies of the revolution had to be brought to Paris
a law was passed to speed up the work of revolutionary tribunal
enemies of the people were defined as those who had sought to mislead opinion and corrupt the public conscience- such terms could include anyone
trials were simply to determine liberty of death and the defendants had no rights
virtually everyone brought to the tribunal was condemned to death
