What effect did the war and terror have on France 1793-4

Question 1

How many deputies voted the King guilty/not guilty

Answer 1

693 deputies voted him as guilty- none against though there were some abstentions

Question 2

How many people rejected/accepted the idea that there should be a referendum

Answer 2

rejected by 424 to 283

Question 3

When was the King executed

Answer 3

21st January 1793

Question 4

What caused the rising in the Vendee

Answer 4

mainly against the levees

Question 5

What was the nature of the Vendee uprising

Answer 5

• massacres of local officials, juring priests and National Guards- guerrilla warfare spread through he countryside
• convention forced to send 30,000 men from front to control the rebellion BUT continued to spread

Question 6

When was the committee of general security set up

Answer 6

Oct 1792

Question 7

What was the role of CGS

Answer 7

est to take responsibility for policing and administration of justice- reduced from 30 to 12 at the beginning of 1793

Question 8

When was the first levee ordered and how many men did it require

Answer 8

February 1793 and draft of 300,000 men

Question 9

Who were the representants en mission

Answer 9

appointed to ensure loyalty and effective functioning of the departments
ensure public order was maintained, arrest any considered suspect ensure food supplies and supervise levies

Question 10

When was a revolutionary tribunal set up

Answer 10

March 1793

Question 11

Why was the revolutionary tribunal set up

Answer 11

established to try counter-revolutionaries

Question 12

What was the nature of the law passed on the 19 March 1793

Answer 12

decreed that rebels bearing arms could be executed without appeal within 24 hours

Question 13

When was the committee of public safety set up

Answer 13

April 1793

Question 14

What was the CPS

Answer 14

authority over ministers to coordinate war effort

Question 15

Factors which contributed to the purging of the Girondins

Answer 15

• highly unpopular with sans culottes as they feared their radicalisation and sans culottes blamed them for the war
• group of extremists and national guard surrounded convention and demanded removal of the girondins- convention agreed in fear

Question 16

What contributed to the dissatisfaction of the sans culottes

Answer 16

wages, food prices and living conditions in Paris were little better than in 1789
british naval blockade and ear in colonies had hit food imports and the assignats brought inflation

Question 17

How much did the average food prices rise by between 1791 and 1793

Answer 17

rose by 90%

Question 18

What was the nature of Marat’s L’Ami du Peuple

Answer 18

blamed the Girondins for France’s problems

Question 19

What was the nature of the federalists revolt

Answer 19

provinces were unhappy with Jacobin decisions and began to protest
troops sent in to stop things
convention tried to cut off food supplies to stop the revolt
little cooperation between revolts meant that they were put down easily

Question 20

When was the levee en masse introduced

Answer 20

23 August 1793

Question 21

What did the levee en masse decree

Answer 21

ordered that all French people are on permanent requisition for the services of the armies

Question 22

What was the criteria in the levee en masse

Answer 22

• all men without immediate dependents aged 18-25 were to give immediate military service
• married men were to forge weapons and transport supplies
• women were to make tents and serve in hospitals
• children were to shred old linen lint
• the old were to be brought to public squares to excite the courage of the warriors, preach hatred of kings and the unity of the republic

Question 23

What was the law of suspects

Answer 23

all enemies to be imprisoned indefinitely without trial or placed before revolutionary tribunal
harsh justice had been symptomatic of the sans culottes now it was coming from the authorities
responsibility for rounding up the enemies lay with the revolutionary armies

Question 24

When was Marat murdered

Answer 24

July 1793

Question 25

When was the armees revolutionaires set up

Answer 25

9 September 1793

Question 26

What was the armees revolutionaires

Answer 26

sans culottes paramilitary force to force farmers to surrender grain and attack hoarders

Question 27

When was the law of suspects passed

Answer 27

17 September 1793

Question 28

When was the new law of the general maximum passed

Answer 28

29 September 1793

Question 29

What was the nature of the new law of the general maximum

Answer 29

laid down max price for grain, flour, meat, oil, onions, soap, firewood, leather and paper

Question 30

When did the show trials begin

Answer 30

October 1793

Question 31

Who did the show trials led to the guillotining of

Answer 31

Marie Antoinette- 16 October
31 former girondin ministers- 31 October
Duc d’Orleans- 6 Nov
Madame Roland (wife of an ex girondin minister)- 9 Nov

Question 32

How many people were guillotined in the last 3 months of 1793

Answer 32

180 guillotined and about half a million condemned to imprisonment in Paris and the provinces

Question 33

Terror in the Vendee

Answer 33

total of 7873 guillotined and many more shot without trial

Question 34

Terror in Toulon

Answer 34

recaptured on 19 December (Napoleon)

around 700-800 prisoners we shot or slain by bayonet in a massacre

Question 35

Terror in Lyons

Answer 35

condemned were killed using canons loaded with grape shot which propelled them into mass graves
by end of 1794 at least 2000 people had been executed
Dec 1793- 935 prisoners are shot with cannonballs, grapeshot and musket fire into mass graves

Question 36

When did the Paris commune make dechristianisation an official policy

Answer 36

October 1793

Question 37

What was the nature of dechristianisation

Answer 37

catholic church came under attack
campaign to close all churches by the spring of 1794, to destroy all religious signs and symbols and force priests to marry or adopt orphans
stopped paying clerical salaries in May 1793
Nov- closure of all Parisian churches

Question 38

What the Notre Dame become

Answer 38

the temple of reason

Question 39

How did the convention encourage dechristianisation

Answer 39

sanctioned the deportation of any priests denounced by 6 citizens and supported new revolutionary calender

Question 40

Who was dechristianisation met with anger by

Answer 40

conservative rural peasantry

Question 41

What was the cult of reason

Answer 41

promoted the belief of the idea of reason in order to bring citizens to a final end of being virtuous and moral

Question 42

When did the festival of reason start

Answer 42

Nov 1793

Question 43

When were violent attacks on religion prohibited again

Answer 43

Dec 1793

Question 44

When was the Law of 14 Frimaire passed

Answer 44

4 December 1793

Question 45

What was the nature of the Law of 14 Frimaire

Answer 45

gave dictatorship to the CPS- suspending the 1793 constitution
disbanded the revolutionary armies (except that of Paris) , representatives-en-missinn and all unofficial bodies
revolutionary tribunals in the provinces also abolished in May 1794

Question 46

Purging of the Herbertistes

Answer 46

sans culottes favoured Herbert’s policies which included executing hoarders and property redistribution
Robespierre countered Herbert’s attack by claiming that he was planning a military dictatorship
Herbert executed for attempting to bring about military dictatorship

Question 47

Purging of the Indulgents

Answer 47

• Danton and Desmoulins wished to see the relaxation of the terror
• wanted to see the end of war as this would allow end of terror
• Danton had large following in convention which threatened CPS
• CPS thought end of terror would see return of monarchy and so arrested Danton for financial scandal
• Danton, Desmoulins and their followers were executed in April 1794 and this served to suppress all criticism of the CPS and their policies

Question 48

Great Terror

Answer 48

all enemies of the revolution had to be brought to Paris
a law was passed to speed up the work of revolutionary tribunal
enemies of the people were defined as those who had sought to mislead opinion and corrupt the public conscience- such terms could include anyone
trials were simply to determine liberty of death and the defendants had no rights
virtually everyone brought to the tribunal was condemned to death