What are Motor Skills Flashcards
Movements
Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments
Skills
Tasks or activities that have specific goals to achieve (action goals)
voluntary controls
Actions
Term used synonymously with the term motor skills.
What are the 3 characteristics or goals of a motor skill?
- Achieved with maximum certainty.
- Achieved under wide range of conditions.
- Achieved with minimum effort.
Motor Skill qualities
- The learner
- Environment
- Nature of the skill
Motor learning and motor control
- Specific study of how skills are acquired and controlled
What is Motor Learning?
- Study of the process involving acquiring motor skills and the variable that promote or inhibit such acquisition.
What are 3 motor learning qualities?
- Acquisition of new skills.
- Performance enhancement of well learned skills
- Reacquisition of skills following injury, disease, etc.
What is Motor Control?
Involves the study of neural, behavioral, environmental, and synergistic mechanisms responsible for human movement and stability.
1. Motor skills are expressions of the motor control system.
Neurophysiology
- Concerned with the neural processes that are associated with movement.
Psychology
- Concerned with high level skills with very little reference to the neurological mechanisms involved.
Sir Charles Sherrington
- 1857-1952
- Simple reflexes composed a humans most complex movements.
- Nobel prize winner for neurophysiology.
Nikolai A. Bernstein
- 1897-1966
- Russian Physiologist
- Movement coordination
- Degrees of freedom
Paul M. Fitts
- 1912-1965
- Psychologist
- Movement accuracy
- Developed Fitts Law
Franklin M. Henry
- 1904-1993
- Psychologist
- Advocated an experimental approach to the study of movement.
- Pioneer of kinesiology
Ester Thelen
- 1941-2004
- Psychologist
- Infant Movement
- Applied dynamical system theory to motor learning.
Who studies motor learning?
- Athletic Coaches
- Physical educators
- Athletic Trainers
- Physical/Occupational therapist
- Movement scientists
- Ergonomic Designer
What is the “Many to One” relationship to the movement action relationship?
- Many movements together accomplish same action.
- Ex. Walking
What is the “ One to Many” relationship to the movement action relationship?
- One movement accomplishes many actions
- Ex. Wax on Wax off
Why Classify Motor Skills?
- Provides basis for identifying similarities/differences among skills.
- Helps identify demands different skills place on performer/learner.
- Provides basis for developing principles related to performing and learning motor skills.
What are the 4 classification of motor skills?
- 3 one dimensional systems
- Environmental context
- Function of the action.
- Gentiles two dimensional taxonomy
One dimension system 3: Stability of the environmental context
- Closed motor skills
- Open motor skills
One dimension system 1: Size of primary musculature required
- Two categories based on the size of the primary musculature required
a. Gross motor skills
b. Fine motor skills
One Dimension System 2: Specificity of where movement begins or ends
- Three main categories based on the specificity of where actions begin and end
a. Discrete motor skills: Tennis serve
b. Serial motor skills: Triple jump
c. Continous motor skills: Water skiing
What are closed motor skills?
- Involve a stationary supporting surface, object, other people; performer determines when to begin the action.
- Ex. Picking up a cup while seated at a table
What are open motor skills?
- Involve supporting surface, object, or other people in motion; environmental features determine when to begin the action.
- Ex. Catching a thrown ball.
Taxonomy
- A classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of what is being classified.
What are two characteristics of taxonomy
- Environment context in which the person performs the skill.
- Function of the action characterizing the skill.
What are the Environmental contexts of gentile’s two dimensional taxonomy?
- Regulatory Conditions: Features of environment to which movements must conform.
- Stationary or in motion
- Inter trail variability: Variations in regulatory conditions from one trial to the next.
- Non regulatory variability: Features of the environment that do not necessarily affect the task.
What are the Functions of the actions of gentile’s two dimensional taxonomy?
- Body Stability: Maintaining base of support in one position: no change in the body location when performing the skill.
- Body Transport: Changing location of body
- Manipulation: Maintaining/changing position of movable objects
What are the practical uses of gentile’s taxonomy?
- Guide for evaluating motor performance capabilities, limitations, and deficiencies.
- Systematic basis for selecting progressions of functionally appropriate activities to increase and performance capabilities and deficiencies.
- Chart persons progress: Develops and individual profile of competencies.
