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KNPE 486: Motor Skills > Lecture #6: Theories and Problems > Flashcards

Lecture #6: Theories and Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two theories of motor control?

A
  1. Motor program based theory
  2. Dynamical systems theory
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2
Q

Motor program based theory

A

Cognitive based mechanism that controls coordinated movement.

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3
Q

Dynamical systems theory

A
  1. Role of info in environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs in movement control/coordination.
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4
Q

Generalized motor program (GMP)

A
  1. Hypothesized memory based mechanism responsible for adaptive and flexible qualities of human movement.
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5
Q

What does the GMP do?

A
  1. Controls a class of actions, which are identified by common invariant characteristics.
  2. To serve as the basis for generating movement instructions to and during performance of an action.
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6
Q

Who came up with the GMP?

A
  1. Richard Schmidt
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7
Q

What are the two features of the GMP?

A
  1. Invariant features
  2. Parameters
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8
Q

Invariant features

A
  1. Characteristics do not vary across performance
  2. Identifying signature of GMP
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9
Q

Parameter

A
  1. Specific movement features that adapt to situations.
  2. Can vary from performance to performance.
  3. Ex. Overall amount of time taken to perform a skill
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10
Q

Relative time

A
  1. % of total amount of time required by each skill
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11
Q

Schema Theory by Schmidt

A
  1. Set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision.
  2. Ex. Correctly identifying an animal that you have never seen before as a dog.
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12
Q

First Control Component (GMP)

A
  1. control movement coordination
  2. Provides invarient features
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13
Q

Second control component

A
  1. Motor response schema (provides specific rules governing the performance of a skill.
  2. Provides parameters
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14
Q

Dynamical Systems Theory (DST)

A
  1. Describes control of coordination movement by emphasizing the role of environment info and dynamic properties of body/limbs.
  2. 1800’s influence
  3. View human motor controls as complex systems that behaves like any complex bio or phys system.
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15
Q

Who worked with DST?

A

Nickoli Bernstein

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16
Q

Two problems associated with cognitive based theories?

A
  1. Context conditioned variability problem
  2. Degrees of freedom
17
Q

Cognitive based theories: (CCVP)

A
  1. Specific movement outcomes are dependent on specific commands found on motor program.
  2. What if the context in which the movement is produced changes?
  3. Will same commands result in same outcome?
  4. Adding weight when doing adduction vs moving arm fast. (same outcome with same movement?)
18
Q

Degrees of freedom

A
  1. How many planes and axis alter when you move(number of ways in which a system can independently vary)
  2. How control a system of many moving parts?
  3. Same goal can be achieved by different movements (hitting a hammer over and over.)
19
Q

Solutions to the problems: Synergies

A
  1. Different actions being arranged in such a way that it achieves a goal of some sort. (very task specific)
  2. Arrangement of joints and muscles in clusters to control our movements.
  3. Freezing the degrees of freedom: Limiting the movement of limbs and joints (refining over time)
20
Q

Coordinative Structures (muscle Synergies)

A
  1. Groups of muscles (joints) constrained to act as functional units
  2. Walking with a a leg in a cast.
  3. Swinging a golf club (multiple muscles working together)
  4. Developed through practice and experience.
21
Q

What is dynamical systems theory based on?

A
  1. Non-linear dynamics: Behavioral changes are not always continuous, linear progressions still present but are often sudden or abrupt.
  2. Ex. Boiling point of water
  3. Behaviors self organize in response to constraints.
22
Q

Order Parameter

A
  1. Order parameter (collective variables)
  2. Overall behavior of the system
  3. Enable a coordinated pattern of movement to be distinguished from other patterns.
    -Relative phase is the most prominent order parameter: Show how one joint segment moves relative to another.
23
Q

Control Parameter

A
  1. A variable, when increased or decreased, will influence the stability and character of the order parameter (Ex. Speed)
  2. Important to identify since it becomes the variable to manipulate in order to assess the stability of order parameter.
  3. Provides basis for determining attractor states for patterns of limb movement.
24
Q

Self Organization

A
  1. Emergence of patterns of behavior due to the conditions of the environment.
25
Q

Examples of Self Organization 1 (Gait Transition)

A
  1. Person walks on treadmill at slow speed.
  2. Treadmill speed (Control parameter) increases.
  3. Person shifts to running at a certain speed (not same speed for all people)
  4. Same effect if person begins running on treadmill-shifts to walk at certain speed.
26
Q

Examples of Self Organization 2 (Swim stroke transitions)

A
  1. Each trial involved a swim velocity increase (Began at preferred velocity)
  2. Arm-stroke analysis showed 2 distinct patterns of arm coordination.
  3. Began in one mode but abruptly began 2nd mode at a specific swim velocity.
27
Q

Attractor

A
  1. Stable state of the motor control system that represents preferred patterns of coordination (ex. Walking)
28
Q

What are the characteristics of an attractor?

A
  1. Identified by order parameters (ex. Relative phase)
  2. Control parameters (speed) influence order parameters.
  3. Minimum trial to trial performance variability
  4. Stability: Retains present state despite perturbation
  5. Energy efficient
29
Q

Why do we see an increase in energy expenditure when going from walking to running?

A
  1. Because our body is trying to decide what system to use that change in the system to another attractor state to stabilize the system to maintain energy deficiency.
30
Q

Constraints (on performance)

A
  1. Boundaries that limit possible values or patterns that a system can assume that are imposed by the organism, physical environment, and task itself.
31
Q

Organismic Constraint (Ester Thelen)

A
  1. Characteristics of the individual, including both structural and functional characteristics.
  2. Infants with stepping behavior goes away after a few month’s. Why did stepping behavior go away? They got too fat.
32
Q

Environmental Constraint

A
  1. Walking on an uneven path with affect walking (performance)
  2. Arise in both the physical and the sociocultural environments of individuals
33
Q

Task Constraints

A
  1. Constraints on human movement imposed by the task performed, including task goals, equipment used and mandated rules and protocols.

KNPE 486: Motor Skills (13 decks)

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