Welfare & Individual Differences

Question 1

World Organisation for Animal Health (2010)

Answer 1

an animal has good welfare if ‘healthy, comfortable, well-nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour and its not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear and distress’

Question 2

Abnormal behaviour as a welfare indicator

Answer 2

Vice 'injurious'
stereotypies
redirected behaviours
sham behaviours
decreased behavioural complexity
altered frequencies of behaviours

Question 3

Broom & Fraser (2015) stereotyped behaviour

Answer 3

is repeated, relatively invariant sequence of movement that has no obvious function

Question 4

Horse stereotypes

Answer 4

pacing
weaving
wind sucking
crib biting

Question 5

Dog stereotypies

Answer 5

tail chasing
pacing
licking
species specific

Question 6

Cat stereotypies

Answer 6

wool sucking

licking

Question 7

Rodent stereotypies

Answer 7

fixed running patterns

jumping

Question 8

Mason (2016) abnormal repetitive behaviour

Answer 8

obsessive/compulsive
develops from inability to express strongly motivated behaviours
leading to channeling of behaviour into simplified forms
may be rewarding through stress relief
causes depend on example; frustration, lack of exercise, nature of feeding, social isolation
prevention/treatment depends on cause
coping mechanism may be learned helplessness

Question 9

Choice tests

Answer 9

let the animal choose
easy can be useful but need care in design and interpretation
Problems- wrong option, history, does preference indicate necessity,

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

working for positive and avoiding negative reinforcement

behaviour demand functions

Question 11

Personality

Answer 11

distinctive personal character

pattern of behavioural characteristics of an individual (Janczech et al 2003)

Question 12

Temperament

Answer 12

distinctive individual character which determines how an individual reacts to given situations
genetic and environmental influences
traditional psychologists dislike because of anthropomorphic connotations

Question 13

Manteca & Degg (1993)

Answer 13

as welfare relates to how individuals cope with environmental challenge

Question 14

coping style

Answer 14

a coherent set of behavioural and psychological stress responses which is consistent over time and characteristics of the individual

Question 15

Active copers

Answer 15

deal with an aversive situation by trying to escape or remove aversive stimulus

Question 16

Passive copers

Answer 16

respond to aversive situations with no obvious outward signs

Question 17

Temperament traits should be

Answer 17

stable across time

predictive in other situations

Question 18

FFM

Answer 18

Openness
Coscientiousness
Extraversonn
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
some evidence for personality traits in domestic animals

Question 19

Assays of temperament

Answer 19

open field tests- reaction to isolated animal to novel stimuli
novel object tests
handling tests

Question 20

CBARQ

Answer 20

quantitative scores for 14 different different scales including owner/dog/stranger directed aggression, different types of fear and excitability amongst others

Question 21

Gosling & John risk of anthropomorphism

Answer 21

biases then not an issue

Question 22

Behavioural studies in rats

Answer 22

coping styles
reactive (slow)
proactive (fast)
proactive bury in sawdust
reactive wait for it to go away

Question 23

Physiological correlates of coping strategies

Answer 23

HPA activity

sympathetic activity

Question 24

Emotion

Answer 24

an intense short lived affective responses

Question 25

Qualitative Behaviour Assessment

Answer 25

different groups of people asked to judge the behaviour of their animals
use of subjective terms
high agreement found in the ‘way in which an animals behaves’

Question 26

5 Freedoms

Answer 26

1. freedom from hunger and thirst
2. freedom from discomfort
3. freedom from pain, injury, disease
4. freedom to express normal behaviour
5. freedom from fear and distress

Question 27

Lawrence & Rushen (1993)

Answer 27

malfunctioning equipment or poor human management may lead to aggression, cannibalism and other types of abnormal behaviour

Question 28

Blackwell et al (2013) urinary cortisol as indicator of poor welfare

Answer 28

in S/LT kenneled dogs
no diff
both had high levels

Question 29

John & Gosling (1999) big 5 in 19 nonhuman species

Answer 29

ENA showed strongest cross species generality
followed by O
C only found in chimps

Question 30

Bekoff (2000)

Answer 30

current research provides compelling evidence that at least some animals likely feel a full range of emotions including, fear, joy, happiness, shame, embarrassment, resentment, jealousy, rage, anger, love, pleasure’ and goes on to reference several studies that have found these emotions in various animals

Question 31

Bekoff

Answer 31

emotions can be broadly defined as psychological mechanisms that help behavioural management and control

Question 32

Bekoff (2000)

Answer 32

many researchers are of the opinion that humans cannot be the only animals that experience emotions

Question 33

Svartberg & Forkman (2002) personality in dogs

Answer 33

•	5 narrow dimensions
1.	Playfulness
2.	Curiosity/fearlessness
3.	Chase-proneness
4.	Sociability
5.	Aggressiveness
•	1 broad dimension
1.	Correlates positively to playfulness, interest in chase, exploration and sociability to strangers
2.	Correlates negatively to avoidance
3.	Does not correlate with aggressiveness

Question 34

Corsin et al (2018) personality in dogs

Answer 34

•	5 factors
1.	Sociality-obedience
2.	Activity-independence
3.	Novelty seeking
4.	Problem orientation
5.	Frustration tolerance
•	Good inter reliability
•	First test to show consistent behavioural traits related to problem solving and frustration tolerance in pet dogs

Question 35

Goodloe & Borchelt (1998) companion dog temperament traits

Answer 35

• Playing tug of war does not associate with aggression to a family member suggesting playing tug of war does not encourage dominance aggression
• Prefers to sleep on bed with or near owner does not load onto this factor suggesting again it doesn’t encourage dominance aggression