Domestication

Question 1

Price (2002) definition

Answer 1

the process by which a population of animals becomes adapted to man and the captive environment by some combination of genetic changes occurring over generations

Question 2

Purposes of domestication

Answer 2

numerous but include; food, transport, power, fuel. pleasure

Question 3

1st wave

Answer 3

farm animals and dogs

Question 4

domesticated more recently

Answer 4

fur, lab animals and new meat producers

Question 5

How did it happen

Answer 5

natural selection followed by artificial selection
coexisting with humans provided; early warning, warmth, hunting
Human tolerant genes had an advantahe

Question 6

Dog Domestication

Answer 6

Bradshaw (2009) share 99.96% genes with wolf
BUT NOT their ancestors
both evolve from some kind of canid
1570- 1st classification

Question 7

Paedomorphosis and Neoteny

Answer 7

captive animals that show juvenile behaviour/morphology more likely to be selected for
inherit full behavioural repertoire but some more pronounced/easily triggered

Question 8

Sheep and Goats

Answer 8

possibly shared water places in ancestral conditions
evidence of confinement/breeding in neolithic era
uses inlcude; wool, skin and meat
breeding for small and less agile initially

Question 9

Favourable Characteristics; group structure

Answer 9

large social groups
hierarchy
males affiliated with females

Question 10

Favourable Characteristics; Sexual

Answer 10

promiscuity
males sexually dominant
sexual signals by posture/movement

Question 11

Favourable Characteristics; Parent young interaction

Answer 11

critical period for species bond
female accepts young
precocial

Question 12

Favourable Characteristics; reaction to humans

Answer 12

short flight distance

little disturbed

Question 13

Favourable Characteristics; other

Answer 13

omnivorous
adaptable
limited agility

Question 14

Morphological changes

Answer 14

colour
shape
paedomorphosis

Question 15

Physiological changes

Answer 15

endocrine
immune
growth
metabolism
development

Question 16

MacHugh et al (2016) Domestication Syndrome

Answer 16

less fear/ more tame
more sociability
less of a predator response
endocrine systems
accept human food

Question 17

Price (2002) Heterochrony

Answer 17

shifts in time
earlier sexual maturity
extended socialization

Question 18

Suppression of natural behaviour

Answer 18

stereotypies

increased behavioural problems

Question 19

Cost of domestication- Horses

Answer 19

compared genomes of domestic and wild horses they found differences in
muscular, limb, speed gene
learning capacity, sociality, fear
deleterious mutations
genes involved in gastrointestinal and neurological disease
schizophrenia

Question 20

Still evolving?

Answer 20

continue to use animals to aid our survival

environment changing so rapidly- can’t adapt quick enough

Question 21

Skoglund et al (2015) 35,000 year old wolf genome

Answer 21

recalibrated lupine mutation rate suggesting dogs diverged from present day wolves at least 27,000 ya

Question 22

Evin et al (2017) cranial morphology in dogs and wolves

Answer 22

at several stages of ontogeny and found that at each stage of development dogs skull shapes resembled those of younger animals even in breeds who do not exhibit juvenilized morphology as adults
• Taken which skepticism- proven wolf is not ancestor of the dog
• Although they come from similar ancestor who’s to say wolves haven’t undergone a separate lineage of evolution and their head shape changed in a way that skews this result?

Question 23

Franklin et al (2013)

Answer 23

neural regions involved in perceiving distress of other humans are similarly activated when witnessing the distress of animals

Question 24

Chang et al (2014) genetic info from ancient and modern horses

Answer 24

pinpointed genetic changes due to domestication
GRID1 one of these- link to schizophrenia
resulted from domestication

Question 25

Makino et al (2018) levels of deleterios mutations in 5 domestic animal species

Answer 25

dogs, pigs, chicken and silkworm
reduced genetic variation and increased deleterious variants in all but one
pig did not show- likely shared genes with wild boar pops after domestication