Maternal Flashcards
Functions of parental behaviour
build immunity protecction nutrition teaching provision with inaccessible resourses
Why do we care?
avoid interence
aid managment
care for reected youn
parity
the state of condition of being equal
primiparous
bearing young for the first time
epimiletic
care giver
et-epimiletic
care seeking behaviour
concaveation
behaviour that triggers maternal behaviour
Isolation in pigs
seek isolation to reduce vulnerability from predators and conspecifics
can be stressful if can’t fulfill
Social grouping of mares
those who had just given births stay close together and far away from the rest of the group
Nest site selection in cats
moved kitten far away after birth then moved closer to food supply
cats in communal groups moved kittens moreoften than solitary cats to avoid cannibalism but toms
endocrinology of pregnancy
oestradiol elevated in preg priming effect
progesterone spikes then decreases just before parturition
porlactin rises before parturition
rabbits- bromocriptine in late preg disrupts nest building behaviour and abolishes maternal
other disruptions
hormones
stress
day length
sign stimuli
licking
initial stimulation to clear membranes, dry, bond, eliminative behaviour, ingesting faeces to keep nest clean triggers eating behaviour
Nursing-tolerate/assisting nursing
passive immunity and regular nutrition
Innate or learnt
breed differences in maternal behaviour in sheep
differing levels of estradiol
experience lowers the chances off rejection, lamb-directed aggression and suckling refusals
imprinting
social bonding, social support 2 way process sensitive periods chick and ewes- houurs after birth hen and lambs- days after birth
stages of dog development
birth-2weeks limited sensory and motor capacity but rapid neuroloigcal dev (handling 5mins+ a day will improve later confidence)
2-3 weeks- eyes and ears open begin to walk and leave nest
3-12 weeks- primary attachments- independent of associated rewards/punishments
3-8 months- reinforcement of social bonds needed
first milk provides
energy
warmth
local gut protection
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
maternal pheromones
DAP adaptil for dogs
PAP for pigs
nursing freq
kittens- 3-4hrs per day pigs- every 40mins, 20s rabbits- oncer per day, 3-4mins foals twice per hour, 1min sheep- once per hour for 1 min calves, 6 times a day for 10min
Trivers-Willard hypothesis
investment in offspring depends on future breeding potential of offspring and the compromise to future breeding potential of mother
Pal (2004) parental care in free-ranging dogs
6 mothers
4 male parents in contact with litters as guard dog for first 6-8 weeks
protected in absence of mothers
one male fed by regurgitation
effects of domestication
selection for/against changes in body form earlier breeding changed breeding season effect of increased con-specific breeding modified early experience changed parturition environment changed lactation environment early weaning
Rejection reasons
primarous genetics premature human intervention pain/stress low levels of progesterone not normal delivery
Rejection issues
no passive immunity increase morbidity hypothermia starvation poor growth poor social integration food neophobia long term personality disorders aggression
treatments
hormone treatment
hand rearing
fostering
Kendrick et al (1997) sheep and oxytocin
increased activity in oxytocin neurons aided maternal behaviour
and facilitates changes in olfactory processing to enable rapid recognition
Kendrick & Keverne (1994)
vaginocervical stimulation in sheep can evoke rapid onset of maternal behaviours
Canteras et al (2003)
morphine inhibits m behaviour in rats
Jensen et al (1999) differences between domesticated and wild sows
no diff in nest building
domestic sows allowed piglet to massage udder for longer after milk ejection in first week and wild in second
wild type terminated more nursings in second week
3rd week domestics lie down and more less
freq of nose contact lower in d
observed diffs indicate d sows have adapted to life in human protection
White & Scogging (2014) various methods available for foal rejection including;
physical and or chemical restraint
behaviour modification
hormone therapy
surrogation used when the dam experiences illness, death or outright rejection which can negatively effect foal
