WelCOMs Flashcards
Busulfan
CML tx
interferes w/ DNA replication + RNA transcription = transfers alkyl group
Annular ligament
radial head pops
Ordinal variable
ONLY 1 variable is ranked
Continuous variable
outcomes for measured on a numerical scale
ex: time
Highest association =
the number closes to 1
Dronabinol
cannabinoid receptor agonist
stimulates appetite
Methylphenidate
amphetamine = ADHD + Narcolepsy
Sodium thiopental
used in conjunction w/ general anesthesia because of tolerance in the CNS
facilitates GABAa
high lipid solubility
Hydralazine-isosorbide MOA
tx HF
vasodilating arterial + venous vasculature
decrease preload + afterload
Releasing the petrous portion of the temporal bone leads to
tx eustachian tube
it is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
temporal bone dysfunction = impair hearing + cause dizziness
Shigella sonnei
Gram-neg
nonmotile
non-encapsulated
bloody diarrhea
Erythema multiforme is causes by which pathogen
Herpesvirus
Mycoplasma pneumonia
45M
large diverticulum in sigmoid colon
defect?
Diverticulum = muscularis propria
500kcal/day reduction =
3500 kcal reduction per week = 1 pound of body weight loss
60M complains of
weight loss
weakness
Sigmoidoscopy reveals = ulcerated + indurated lesion alongs the bowel circumference
adenocarcinoma
Modafinil
stimulant = tx narcolepsy
Colon cancer w/ cachexia
cause?
TNFa = proinflammatory cytokine
3
difficulty feeding + vomiting + ataxia
elevated: citrulline + glutamine
Ammonemia
arthritis in large joints
black pigment (ochronosis) in cartilage + collagenous tissue
homogentisic acid in urine
Alcaptonuria = deficiency in homogentisic acid oxidase
Responsible for breakdown of tyrosine (pigment) & phenylalanine
intellectual disability
speech difficulties
cerebellar ataxia
hydrocephalus
emotional disturbances
short
seizure
infections
ITP
Elevated serum/urine = hisidine
urine = imidazolepyruvic acid
Histidinemia = defieincy in histidase
Histidine = essential AA used to make pyruvate
Pull in inflammation + gastric acid
Urocanic acid = skin protective + immune system
ectopic lentis
skeletal anomalieis
intellectual disability
thrombi
Plasma = high homocysteine + methionine
Plasma = low cysteine
Homocystinuria
Urine = Cabbage-like odor
liver failure
peripheral neuropathy
RTA
Tyrosinemia = fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase deficiency
Important marker for DECREASING ovarian reserve during reproductive aging
low Inhibin B
Pressure in the esophagus is below atm pressure prior to swallowing b/c
B/C it located in the thoracic cavity
when the esophageal sphincter is closed = esophageal wall is subject to negative pressure
Short leg compensatory pattern
Long leg (R on R or L on L)
1. Pelvic shifts towards the long leg
2. Pelvic rotation towards the long leg
Short leg
3. Anterior sacrum on the short leg
4. Convexity on short (type 1)
5. anatomical landmarks lower
53F
ED w/ severe colicky-type pain
pain radiates through the upper lumbar region
cause?
Reflex activation of sensory fibers in the dorsal spinal horn
How do you determine greatest longevity
highest ratio = lowest decimal
the number of cases > new cases
31F
prego
tired
tongue is sore
prevention pertains to
B12 deficiency = diet
Cataract surgery improves color perception b/c
the defect is caused by an accumulation of urochrome in the lens nuclei
Fundoscopy = rule out retinal vascular disease
Cataracts pathophys
Painless, gradual decline in vision due to
opacification of lens
Proteins deposit on lens → reduce
transmission of light to retina → decrease
in vision
loss of red reflex
▪ Painless visual impairment which is progressive
▪ Myopic shift: improvement in
nearsightedness before decline in vision;
lens sclerosis → increase in refractive
power
▪ Blurry vision, poor vision at night, dullness
of colors
▪ Glare, halos around bright lights;
predominant in cortical cataract
Cataracts
Slit lamp
▪ Loss of lens transparency
Indirect/direct fundoscopy
▪ Degree of lens opacity
▪ Obscuration of fundus details
▪ Darkening of normal red reflex from fundus
Cataracts
Crescent-shape gametocytes on blood smear
severe sx after visiting Africa
Plasmodium falciparum
Spherical gametocytes
Mild sx after visiting Africa
Plasmodium vivax
Round - ovular w/ scattered brown pigment
almost fill the infected RBC
Plasmodium malariae
CDH1 encodes for
e-cadherin
Gastric cancer
Breast cancer
E-cadherin associated w/
EGFR = breast cancer
Sporadic cancers
Somatic cells
late onset
unilateral
Hereditary cancers
germline
early onset
B/L
Colon cancer
Mismatch repair (MMR) = MLH1 lynch/HNPCC
microsatellite instability
Wnt association
decrease Wnt = decease APC = increase B-catenin & RAS
polyps
Thyroid-stimulating Ab ______ placenta barrier
can cross
21F
extreme sadness 2 wks post birth 2nd child
lost interest
difficulty falling asleep
lacks ENG
greatest risk for the safety of child would include an additional sx of
auditory hallucinations =
Postpartum psychosis
which structure is affected w/ spinal stenosis causes neurogenic cladication
ligamenta flava
Which brain structure is most likely to become damage by CO poisoning
pt never regains consciousness
Globus pallidus
Sommer sector of hippocampus
Purkinje cells
- pigmentation defects over the lumbar spine
- defects along the posterior arches of the sacral vertebra
Spina bifida
MOST common causes of Otitis Media in children
Strep. pneumonia
- multiple tender point (B/L)
- fatigue
- sleep disturbances
Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia vs polymyalgia rheumatica
Fibromyalgia = no inflammation & involves upper & lower body
Polymyalgia rheumatica = symmetric proximal pain + weakness & inflammation
43M
ED w/ fever + vesicular rash all over body
lesions: consistent in size + firm + deep seated + well circumscribed
dx
prevention
Smallpox
active immunization (live attenuated)
Ribavirin
tx pneumonitis caused by RSV
Fixed & dilated pupils indicate
severe midbrain damage = compression by supratentorial mass
Midplane pupil w/ no rxn to light
systemic poisoning = atropine
anticholinergic rx = TCA overdose
Normal ROM of shoulder
170-180
23M
agitated behavior
increased body temperature
dilated pupils
COCAINE toxicity
Unvax children less than 2
bacterial meningits
Haemophilus influenzae
Community-acquired meningitis
Strep pneumonaie
Tx myoclonus or migraine prophylaxis or bipolar
Valproic acid
MOA = block Na+
Prerenal injury =
acute tubular necrosis via hypovolemic shock = renal ischemia
Wt loos
dark, tarry stools
blood around mouth
chronic disease anemia
increase BUN
Upp GI lumen bleeding –> gastric cancer dx
ascites
jaundice
dark urine
light stools
weakness
gait ataxia
cirrhosis
Anemia
absent urination
Renal insufficiency
To confirm a dx of leukemia
cytogenetic studies
Esophageal varices vs Mallory Weiss tears
Esophageal varices = dilated veins due to portal HTN –> painless hematemesis
Mallory Weiss tears = Gastroesophageal junction hematemesis post severe retching or vomiting secondary to acute alcohol intoxication = PAINFUL
may see air in the mediastinum + subcutaneous emphysema
PMNs + pleomorphic gram - bacilli
H. influ
Chronic asthma =
increase # & size (hyperplasia) of epithelial goblet cells = increase mucus production
Acute asthma =
hyperreactivity of the airway smooth muscles
Heterophile Ab test is positive
EBV
1st gen antihistamine
Promethazine
diphenhydramine
hydroxyzine
dimenhydrinate
- localized swelling that started as a papule
- Sinus tracts
- grains/granules
indurated swelling on the dorsum of foot
mycetoma = bacteria + fungi
fungi = hyphae
actinomycosis (bacteria) = filamentous morphology
Copper-penny body morphology (lacking hyphae)
tropical areas
skin/subcutaneous + nodular + plaque-like atrophic lesions
Chromoblastomycosis
chronic conditions caused by fungus
keloid-type skin lesion
Latin america
lobomycosis
chronic fungal infection
Erysipelas
red lesions w/ raided cellulitis
Strep pyogenes
C5-C6 = which nerve is damaged
C6
Muscles that attach to C2
- inferior oblique
- rectus capitis posterior major
- semispinalis cervicis
- spinalis cervicis
- interspinalis
- multifidus
B/L + Symmetric
early morning joint stiffness
erythema + warmth
Rheumatoid arthritis
a study that can help ID risk factors
Observational study
SLE anemia
increase RBC count = increased MCHC
increase MCV = b/c abnormal shape + increased LARGER immature RBCs
Developing violent tendencies
telling out in his sleep
having bad dreams
REM sleep behavior disorder
Vision loss in the superior aspect of an eye after trauma
Retinal detachment
3-5 Hz spike & waves
Absenece seizures
Medial leg pain = dermatome
L4
Lateral leg pain = dermatome
L5
Lateral malleolus pain = dermatome
S1
Posterior leg pain = dermatome
S2
Cervical enthesopathy
- long-standing overuse
- Inflammation
- Infection
Pt w/ a lateral deviated jaw, the muscles that are hypertonic are
Ipsilateral
ME
Direct tx
pt pushes towards the dx
Entrapped tibial nerve affacts
Tibial nerve exits = Posterior tarsal tunnel & branches to the medial/lateral plantar nerve & calcaneal branches
Pain in
1. heel
2. sole
3. big toe
Entrapped tibial nerve = medial plantar nerve being affected
Pain in
1. lateral sole of feet
Entrapped tibial nerve = lateral plantar nerve being affected
Pain in
1. inner bony projection of the ankle and under the heel
Entrapped tibial nerve = calcaneal branches being affected
40s
female
RUQ pain
elevated ALP
increased direct bilirubin
GALLSTONES
how does Giardia cause watery diarrhea
prevents absorption by adhering to the vili & causes atrophy
Chemo induced nausea
Granisetron = 5HT3
GDPD is an important enzyme in
HMP = hexose monophosphate pathway (RBCs)
Initial tx for sinus tachycardia
BB = B1 specificially
