WEK 5: EMBRYOLOGY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Question 1

When is the sex of a baby determined?

Answer 1

During fertilization

Question 2

Briefly describe how the pirmodial follicles come about?

Answer 2

The primitive gonad epithelium proliferate to form cortical cord.In the third month, these cords break up into clusters, surrounding each oogonium (germ cell) with a layer of epithelial follicular cells, forming a primordial follicle

Question 3

The paramesonephric duct has 3 parts.
Cranial
Horizontal
Caudal
State what each part forms

Answer 3

Cranial– becomes the Fallopian tubes

Horizontal– becomes the Fallopian tubes

Caudal– fuses to form the uterus, cervix and upper 1/3 of the vagina.

Question 4

The vagina has dual origin.
State the structures that form the upper 1/3 and lower 2/3 of the vagina

Answer 4

Upper 1/3 : caudal part of the paramesonephric duct ( uterine canal)
Lower 1/3 : urogenital sinus ( sinovaginal bulb)

Question 5

Name the structure that is formed by a remnant of the caudal part of mesonephric duct

Answer 5

Gartner’s cyst

Question 6

What are the vaginal fornices formed from?

Answer 6

They are of paramesonephric origin

Question 7

Briefly describe how the uterus is formed

Answer 7

The caudal part of the paramesonephric duct fuses with the other one on the other side forming a uterine canal.
The uterine septum degenerates forming a cavity
The caudal part of the paramesonephric duct invaginates the urogenital sinus
A urovaginal bulb is formed which will proliferate to for a solid vaginal plate
Proliferation continues at the cranial end of the plate, increasing the distance between the uterus and the urogenital sinus
There is canalization of the vaginal outgrowth forming a lumen
The lower part of the vagina is formed along with the hymen
The fornices form from the paramesonephric duct

Question 8

Name the structure that separates the lumen of the vagina from the urogenital sinus

Answer 8

Hymen

Question 9

State the 4 structures that form the external primitive reproductive system

Answer 9

Genital tubercle
Labia scrotal swelling
Urogenital sinus
Urethral fold

Question 10

State what each of the following external primitive reproductive system parts form in the female reproductive system
*Genital tubercle
*Labia scrotal swelling
*Urogenital sinus
*Urethral fold

Answer 10

*Genital tubercle: clitoris, vestibular bulb
*Labia scrotal swelling: labia majora
*Urogenital sinus: female urethra,bartholin’s gland, paraurethral gland
*Urethral fold:Labia minora

Question 11

Where do ovaries form from?

Answer 11

Cortical cord of the primitive sex cords

Question 12

Name the hormone that is responsible for sexual differentiation in females

Answer 12

Estrogen

Question 13

State the two structures that the gubernaculum become in females

Answer 13

Round ligament and(part crossing sides of the uterus up to the caudal part attaching at the labia majora)
Ovarian ligament of the uterus ( caudal part of the gubernaculum that attaches on the ovary and uterus)

Question 14

Describe the formation of the broad ligament of the uterus

Answer 14

They form as a fold in the midline where the caudal ends of the Mullerian ducts fuse

Question 15

The uterus and broad ligaments divide the pelvic cavity into two parts.What are those?

Answer 15

Uterorectal vesicle
Uterovesical vesicle

Question 16

What is a follicular antrum?

Answer 16

The follicular antrum is the portion of an ovarian follicle filled with follicular fluid. A cavity or chamber.
Appearance of the follicular antrum during follicular maturation is the first sign that a follicle has reached the next stage of maturation. It has changed from a primary follicle to a secondary follicle.

Question 17

What are the signs and symptoms of a retroverted uterus?

Answer 17

Pain duringmenstruation.

Pain during sexual intercourse, especially in certain positions.

Trouble using tampons during menstruation.

Urinary problems likeurinary tract infections(UTIs) orurinary incontinence.

Question 18

What causes a retroverted uterus?

Answer 18

Some people are born with a retroverted uterus — it’s present at birth and not caused by any health conditions. In some cases, it happens later in life.

Some reasons you can develop a tilted uterus are:

Scarring or adhesions: Scar-like tissues from prior pelvic surgeries (includingcesareandeliveries), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or other infections can cause the tissues in your uterus to stick to other organs. This can pull your uterus backward.

Fibroids:Uterine fibroidsor other growths on your uterus can change its shape and position.

Endometriosis: With this condition, tissues like your uterine lining form outside your uterus. These cells can attach to other organs in your pelvis and cause your uterus to become retroverted.

Childbirth: Once you give birth, your pelvic floor muscles and ligaments are stretched and weaken, which can cause your uterus to tilt backward.

Menopause: People who are inmenopausewill have weakened pelvic muscles due to a decrease in the hormone estrogen. The ligaments that hold your uterus can’t support it and cause it to tip backward.

Question 19

What is a retroverted uterus?

Answer 19

A retroverted uterus isa common condition that describes how your uterus sits within your pelvis. A retroverted, or tilted, uterus is when your uterus is tilted backward toward your spine