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promotion of health & wellness > weight management > Flashcards

weight management Flashcards

1
Q

body weight: genes affect

A

body shape and size
body fat distribution
metabolic rate
set point theory

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2
Q

set point theory

A

the body is designed to maintain a healthy and generally stable weight within a narrow range, or at a “set point” despite the variability in energy intake and expenditure

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3
Q

the amount of fat the body stores is a function of

A

number and size of adipose cells

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4
Q

the ___ of fat cells remains stable, the ___ change during periods of weight loss and gain

A

number, size

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5
Q

fat cells secrete

A

hormones, other chemical signals related to appetite, metabolism, immunity

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6
Q

sum of all the processes by which food energy and nutrients are used by the body

A

metabolism

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7
Q

largest component of metabolism

A

RMR

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8
Q

energy required to maintain vital body functions while the body is at rest

A

RMR

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9
Q

primary determinant of RMR is

A

amount of muscle mass

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10
Q

a higher RMR means that the person

A

burns more calories while at rest and can take in more calories without gaining weight

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11
Q

If energy intake declines and weight is lost, the body responds by trying to

A

conserve energy, reducing both RMR and the energy required to perform physical tasks

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12
Q

secreted by fat cells and carried to the brain signaling the size of fat stores

A

leptin

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13
Q

leptin regulates

A

appetite

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14
Q

low calorie diets reduce leptin and increase

A

appetite

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15
Q

released by the stomach and responsible for increasing appetite

A

gherkin

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16
Q

released by beta cells of pancreas and regulates appetite and fat storage

A

insulin

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17
Q

human intestine houses millions of bacteria that form in the

A

intestinal flora

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18
Q

bacteria help digest food and produce vitamins like

A

K

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19
Q

diets in ultra-processed foods are linked to

A

low diversity of gut bacteria

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20
Q

proliferation of bacteria responsible for

A

increased energy absorption and hormonal signaling increasing appetite

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21
Q

short sleep duration and sleep debt are associated with

A

abdominal adiposity
increased inflammation
elevated ghrelin
reduced leptin
impaired insulin sensitivity

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22
Q

obesogenic environment

A

promotes overconsumption of calories and discourages physical activity

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23
Q

more important determinants on health than weight

A

body composition, fat distribution, health behaviors

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24
Q

methods used to assess body size

A

body composition, BMI, body fat distribution

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25
Q

fat free mass

A

nonfat
bone, water, muscle, connective tissue, organs

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26
Q

fat mass

A

essential fat, adipose tissue, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat

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27
Q

essential fat

A

located in nerves, brain, organs

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28
Q

essential fat % men and women

A

3-5, 8-12

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29
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat cells

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30
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

under the skin

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31
Q

visceral fat

A

around major organs

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32
Q

proportion of the body’s total weight that is fat

A

body fat percentage

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33
Q

what is the only precise way to know exactly how much fat someone has

A

cadaver analysis

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34
Q

estimating fat mass

A

bioelectrical impedance
skinfold
scanning

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35
Q

bioelectrical impedance analysis

A

measure of resistance to electrical current through tissues

36
Q

how does BIA measure body fat

A

how fast the electrical wave moves
fat is poor, moves slower
water and muscle are strong, move faster

37
Q

BIA protocol includes

A

food, fluid, exercise guidelines

38
Q

skinfold measurement

A

calipers are used to measure subcutaneous fat specialized sits on the body

39
Q

skinfold measurement theory

A

subcutaneous fat is proportional to total body fat

40
Q

skinfold measurement accuracy

A

depends on practitioner

41
Q

most accurate but most expensive test estimating fat

A

scanning techniques

42
Q

gold standard scanning technique

43
Q

scanning techniques

A

CT, MRI, DEXA, dual photon absorpiometry

44
Q

BMI not developed to me

A

health assessment tool

45
Q

BMI equation

A

weight (lbs)/height (in)^2 x 703.1
weight (kg)/height (m)^2

46
Q

BMI classifications: underweight

47
Q

BMI classifications: normal weight

48
Q

BMI classifications: overweight

49
Q

BMI classifications: obesity class I

50
Q

BMI classifications: obesity class II

51
Q

BMI classifications: obesity class III

52
Q

BMI concerns: black women

A

more lean mass, higher bone density; over classification and stigma

53
Q

BMI concerns: asian Americans

A

lean body mass, under classification

54
Q

blood markers in test that are a better health assessment tool

A

glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides

55
Q

body fat distribution assessments

A

waist circumference, waist to hip ratio

56
Q

waist circumference increased disease risk

A

men >40
women >35

57
Q

waist to hip ratio

A

waist circumference/hip circumference

58
Q

increased disease risk waist to hip ratio

A

men>.4
women >.82

59
Q

fat storage locations (shapes)

A

apple/android
pear/gynoid

60
Q

apple/android shape

A

abdomen, visceral fat

61
Q

which fat storage shape has increased risk of HTN, diabetes, CVD, cancer, death

62
Q

pear/gynoid shape

A

hips, buttocks, thighs

63
Q

healthy lifestyle behaviors

A

dietary patterns, physical activity, psychological health

64
Q

very low body fat health impact

A

reproductive disorders, circulatory disorders, cardiovascular disorders, immune system disorders

65
Q

very high body fat health impact

A

type II diabetes, CVD, pregnancy complications, metabolic syndrome

66
Q

mental representation a person holds about his or her body, consisting of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, emotions

A

body image

67
Q

dissatisfaction with the body in general or some part of the body in particular

A

negative body image

68
Q

severe body image disorders

A

body dysmorphic disorder
muscle dysmorphia

69
Q

body dysmorphic disorder

A

extreme dissatisfaction with body image

70
Q

body dysmorphic disorder related to

A

OCD, can lead to depression, social phobia, suicide

71
Q

muscle dysmorphia

A

disorder experienced by some body builders and other active people who see themselves as small and out of shape despite being very muscular

72
Q

psychological disorders characterized by severe disturbances in body image, eating patterns, and eating-related behaviors

A

eating disorders

73
Q

types of eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
bing-eating disorder
other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED)

74
Q

90% of eating disorders begin in

A

adolescence

75
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

does not eat enough food to maintain a reasonable body weight

76
Q

characteristics of anorexia nervosa

A

fear of gaining weight or becoming fat
distorted self-image
compulsive behaviors
excessive exercise

77
Q

health risks of anorexia

A

cold intolerance
low BP, HR
dry skin, swelling hand and feet
stop menstruating
medical complications
depression, OCD, anxiety

78
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

engages in recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging

79
Q

characteristics of bulimia nervosa

A

rapid consumption of food, followed by purging
eating in secret
after a bing, feeling ashamed, distinguished, physically drained, emotionally spent

80
Q

bulimia nervosa health risks

A

eroded tooth decay
deficient calorie intake
liver and kidney damage
cardiac arrhythmia
chronic hoarseness
esophageal tearing
rupture of stomach
menstrual problems
depression

81
Q

binge eating disorder

A

uncontrollable eating followed by feelings of guilt and shame about weight gain

82
Q

characteristics of bing eating disorder

A

rapid eating
eating until uncontrollably full
eating when not hungry
preferring to eat alone
eating used as a way of coping

83
Q

binge eating health risks

A

likely to have obesity
high rates of depression and anxiety

84
Q

feeding or eating disorders that do not meet diagnostic criteria tor anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating disorder may be classified as

85
Q

other types of ED

A

atypical anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa with limited duration
purging disorder
night eating syndrome
ARFID
orthorexia

86
Q

ED treatment

A

complex processes with a team of healthcare practitioners
must treat psychological, behavioral, health

promotion of health & wellness (11 decks)

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