immunity and infection Flashcards
immune system
collective set of defenses that includes surface barriers, specialized cells, tissues and organs that carry out the immune response
physical and chemical barriers
skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract
2 immune system parts
innate, adaptive
cells that can recognize pathogenic microorganisms and are the first responders to those pathogens
innate immune system
cells that can recognize pathogenic microorganisms that can improve and accelerate their responses after exposure to those pathogens
adaptive immune system
vitamin d levels are highly associated with
innate immune system
innate immune system recognizes pathogens as foreign and kills them but they cannot
develop memory
cells of innate immune system
neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells
neutrophils
travel to invaded area ingesting pathogens
eosinophils
fight parasitic infections
macrohages
scavengers
natural killer cells
destroy virus-infected cells and malignancies
dendritic cells
engulf pathogens within tissues, activate lymphocytes
cells of adaptive immune system
lymphocytes, t-cells, b-cells
lymphocytes
cells with receptors to recognize specific antigens
t-cells
helper t, killer t, supressor t
B cells
become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
some t and B cells become memory cells that
allow the body to respond rapidly to subsequent invasions by a particular agent
antigen
substance that triggers immune response
antibody
specialized protein that can recognize specific antigens
one response to injury or infection
inflammatory response
macrophages engulf the invading microbe and convey danger to other immune systems
inflammatory response
immune response 4 phases
recognition, proliferation, elimination, slow down
immune response phase 1
recognition
dendritic cells arrive, act and activate helper T cells
immune response phase 2
proliferation
helper and killer T cells multiply rapidly
cytokines regulate and coordinate response
immune response phase 3
elimination
t and B cells differentiate
t and B cells differentiate
effector, memory
effector
eliminate pathogen, killer t destroy infected cells
antibody mediated response
memory
immune response phase 4
slow down
regulatory T cells inhibit lymphocyte proliferation
some memory t and B cells remain for future
resistance to infection
immunity
immunity: memory t and B cells
continue to circulate in the body and lymphatic system
adaptive immunity
immunity to infection acquired by the activation of antigen-specific lymphocytes in response to infection or immunization
network of vessels that carries a clear fluid called lymph and includes the spleen and lymph nodes
lymphatic system
lymphatic system vessels pick up
extra fluid from body tissues which may contain microbes and dead or damaged cells
as the immune response progresses, a lymph node actively involved in fighting infection may
fill with cells and swell
the location of swollen lymph nodes is a clue to
infection location
primes the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen
immunization
types of vaccines
attenuated organism
killed viruses
messanger RNA
attenuated organism
MMR
killed viruses
dead but still stimulate antibody production
influenza
messenger RNA
cells produce harmless portions of pathogen that stimulate antibody production
covid
since HPV vaccine, HPV infections have dropped
81%
immune system reacts to a harmless substance as if it were a harmful pathogen
allergies
allergy symptoms result from
immune response rather than from the stances that provoke the response
common allergies
Pollen
Animal dander
Dust mites and cockroaches
Molds and mildew
Foods
Insect stings
allergic response
release of large amounts of histamines
allergic response increase the inflammatory response and stimulate
mucous profusion
symptoms of allergic response
Nose- congestion, sneezing
Eyes- itchiness and tearing
Skin- redness, swelling, itching
Intestines- bloating, cramping
Lungs- coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath
anaphylaxis characterized by
- Swelling of throat
- Extremely low BP
- Fainting
- Heart arrhytmia
- Seizures
- Sometimes death
treatment of anaphylaxis
epinephrine
spread of disease: first phase
incubation period
incubation period
pathogens actively multiplying
may not have symptoms
may be contagious
spread of disease second and third phases
prodromal period, symptoms appear
most symptoms of an illness are due to
immune response rather than invading organism
chain of infection
Pathogen–>reservoir–>portal of exit–>transmission–>portal of entry–> new host
epidemic
rapidly spreading disease or health related condition; occurrence is greater than what is normally expected
pandemic
infectious disease has spread widely, usually entire country, content, etc.
endemic disease
habitually occurs in certain region
most abundant living things on earth
bacteria
bacteria classified by
shape
infections caused by bacteria
pneumonia
meningitis
strep
staph
TB
tick-borne
pneumonia
inflammation of lungs
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
strep untreated leads to
rheumatic fever
staph
toxic shock syndrome, MSRA
tick borne infections
lyme
tuberculosis
lungs
other bacterial infections
ulcers, tetanus, c. diff, pertussis, UTI, travelers diarrhea
antibiotics
drugs that either inhibit growth of bacteria or kill them
action of antibiotics
- Inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall
- Interferes with the production of bacterial proteins
- Inhibit the replication of bacterial DNA
___% of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary
30
antibiotic resistance bacteria have resulted from
overuse and misuse
proper usage of antibiotics
- don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick
- use antibiotics as directed
- never take an antibiotic without a prescription
microscopic organism that replicates inside cells of another organism, cause most contagious disease
viruses
common viruses
o common cold (rhinovirus, coronavirus)
o influenza
o measles, mumps, rubella
o herpesvirus infections
virus (EBV)- mononucleosis
o viral hepatitis: HAV (food), HBV, HCV
o HPV
virus treatments
antiviral for some
organism that is reproduced by spores
fungus
common fungi
yeast, athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm
protozoa
microscope single
malaria
giardiasis
parasitic worms
largest organism that can enter body to cause infection
emerging infections of concern
Zika disease
Ebola
West nile virus
Pathogenic Escherichia coli
contributing factors to emerging infectious diseases
Drug resistance
Poverty
Population growth
Urbanization
Overcrowding
Migration
Breakdown of public health measures
Travel and commerce
Mass food production and distribution
Human behaviors
Climate change
immune disorder
immune system loses ability to differentiate between “self” and “non self”
autoimmune disease
immune system targets or destroys specific tissues
support immune system
o Get enough sleep
o Maintain regular eating patterns-eating stimulates immune system
o Wash hands frequently
o Avoid people who are contagious with an infectious disease
o Drink water only from clean source
o Avoid contact with disease carriers: rodents, mosquitoes, ticks
o Keep vaccinations up to date
STI cause US healthcare system ___ per year
$16 billion
9th leading cause of death among Americans age 25-34
AIDS
major STIs
HIV/AIDS
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
HPV
Herpes
Hepatitis
Syphilis
HIV causes
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
global HIV epidemic peaked in
late 1990s
chronic viral infection that progressively damages the immune system, characterized by the depletion of CVD4 T cells
HIV
HIV attacks and invades __ cells, ____ and ____
CD4 T, macrophages, essential elements of immune system
AIDS diagnosis
number of CD4 cells drop below certain level
HIV primary infection phase
flu-like symptoms, highly infectious
HIV chronic asymptomatic stage
Can last 2-20 years in untreated adults
Virus progressively infects and destroys cells of the immune system
Even if people are symptom-free, people infected with HIV can transmit the disease to others if untreated
HIV lives in
cells, blood, blood products, semen, vaginal cervical secretion, breast milk
HIV cannot live in
air, water, on object/surfaces
three primary means of HIV transmission
Specific kinds of sexual contact
Direct exposure to infected blood
Contact between a woman with HIV and her child during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding
opportunistic infections occur HIV
Pneumocystis pneumonia, a fungal infection
Kaposi’s sarcoma, cancer
Frequent and difficult-to-treat vaginal yeast infections in women
TB is increasingly reported
HIV diagnosis
three general types of tests
HIV antibody
combination HIV antigen/antibody
nucleic acid tests
if HIV positive, next step
determine the disease severity and the viral load is monitored
HIV treatment
medication
HIV prevention
Make careful choices about sexual activity
Do not share drug needles
If you have ongoing risk for HIV exposure, consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Participate in an HIV/STI risk reduction education program
most prevalent bacterial STI
chlamydia
gonorrhea flourishes in
mucous membranes
gonorrhea treatment
ceftriaxone
major complication of untreated chlamydia or gonorrhea
pelvic inflammatory disease
pelvic inflammatory disease symptoms
Some are asymptomatic, others have abdominal pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, abnormal vaginal bleeding
PID treatment
laparoscopy, antibiotics
HPV can cause
common warts, genital warts, genital cancers
most common STI
HPV
more than ___% of all sexually active people will have been infected with HPV by age 50
80
genital herpes primary outbreak
2-20 days after sex, flu like symtpoms, genital lesions
genital herpes outbreaks can be triggered by
stress, illness, fatigue, sun exposure, sexual intercourse, menstruation
hepatitis
inflammation of liver
HBV transmission
blood, semen, urine, vaginal secretion
HVC associated with
high risk sexual encounters
hepatitis A, B, C symptoms
mild cases cause flu like symptoms
ass hepatitis progresses there may be
nausea, vomitting, dark urine, abdominal pain, jaundice
hepatitis diagnosis and treatment
blood tests, no cure
syphilis caused by
treponema pallidum
syphilis symptoms
primary
chancres, 10-90 days past exposure
syphilis symptoms
secondary
3-6 weeks after, body rash
syphilis symptoms
late or tertiary
damage to organs, dementia, CVD, blindness, death
syphilis treatment
antibiotics
most prevalent non-viral STI
trich
bacterial vaginosis
abnormal vaginal discharge caused by unhealthy vaginal bacteria
