cardiovascular health and cancer Flashcards
first and second leading causes of death in the US
CVD and cancer
diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels
CVD
cardiomyopathy
weakness of heart muscle
myocardial infarction
heart attack
angina pectoris
chest pain
stroke
blockage or rupture of vessels to the brain
leading cause of death in the US
CVD
___ deaths each day from CVD
2300
CVD risk is related to
lifestyle factors
components of cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels
purpose of cardiovascular system
transport blood throughout body
cardiorespiratory system
CV + lungs
heart: ___ chamber
4
two circulatory systems in heart
pulmonary, systemic
pulmonary circulation
right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to lungs
systemic circulation
left side of heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to organs and tissues
path of blood flow from body hack to heart
superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary arteries to lungs
pulmonary veins to L atrium
mitral valve to L ventricle
aortic valve to aorta
largest artery in the body
aorta
aorta
distribute blood to rest of the body
each heartbeat has two actions controlled by
electrical and nerve impulses
2 actions of each heart beat
systole, diastole
systole
contraction to pump out blood
diastole
relaxation to fill with blood, atrial contraction to fill ventricles
blood pressure
force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels
BP reported as
systolic pressure over diastolic pressure
veins
blood to heart
arteries
blood away from heart
thick elastic walls that expand and relax with the volume of blood
arteries
smallest arteries
capillaries
coronary arteries
two large vessels, supply blood to heart
main forms of CVD
o Atherosclerosis
o CHD, CAD
o Heart attack
o Stroke
o PAD
o Congestive heart failure
o Congenital heart disease
o Rheumatic heart disease
o Heart valve disorder
major risk factor and form of CVD
HTN
thickening and hardening of arteries
atherosclerosis
when cells that line the arteries become damaged the body response results in
inflammation and changes in arterial lining
___, ___, ___ cause a bulge in artery walls
LDL, platelets, other cell build up
atherosclerosis: as plaque accumulate, arteries
lose elasticity, restricting blood flow, and making the artery vulnerable to blockage by blood clots
atherosclerosis risk factors
tobacco use
physical inactivity
high cholesterol
high BP
diabetes
CVD related to atherosclerosis
CHD, stroke, PAD
CHD
coronary arteries are susceptible to plaque build up
stroke
blockage of cerebral artery to brain
PAD
blockage of artery in limb
chronic disease process resulting in damage to heart tissue from lack of oxygenated blood
myocardial infarction
symptoms and warning signs of myocardial infarctions
Chest pain or pressure
Arm, neck, jaw pain
Difficulty breathing
Excessive sweating
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of consciousnes
before a heart attack, other symptoms and conditions can appear
angina, arrhythmias
angina
narrowing of arteries, stressed heart cannot receive enough oxygen, result in chest pain
angina relieved by
rest, nitroglycerin
arrhythmias
electrical conduction system disrupted
ventricular fibrillation
sudden cardiac death
treatment of arrhythmia
cardiac defibrillation
AED
helping someone during heart attack
know warning signs
act quickly
aspirin
CPR if no pulse
aspirin and heart attack
has immediate anti clotting effect
detecting heart disease
stress test- ECG/EKG
echocardiogram
CT
MRI
angiogram
angiogram
dye and x-ray
treating heart disease
o Balloon angioplasty
o Statin, cholesterol-lowering medication
o Aspirin
o Other prescription drugs
o Coronary bypass surgery
o Diet and exercise change
cerebrovascular accident
stroke
blockage in blood supply to the brain
blockage of blood vessel in brain, potentially treatable with clot-busting drugs
ischemic stroke
brain tissue dies when blood flow is blocked
ischemic stroke
87% of strokes
ischemic
types of ischemic stroke
thrombotic, embolic
thrombotic stroke
thrombus due to narrowed artery
clots from where an artery has been narrowed
thrombotic usually due to
formation of fatty deposits that build up and reduce blood flow or to other artery conditions
embolic stroke
embolus becomes wedged n cerebral artery
25% of embolic strokes are related to
atrial fibrillation
13% of strokes
hemorrhagic
caused by ruptured blood vessels followed by blood leaking into tissue
hemorrhagic stroke
hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke more serious
hemorrhagic
types of hemorrhagic stroke
intracerebral, subarachnoid
intracerebral stroke
within the brain
bleed from blood vessel in brain
often caused by high BP
subarachnoid stroke
on brain surface
bleed into the space between the brain and skull
subarachnoid stroke develops most often from
aneurysm
aneurysm
blood filled pocket that bulges out from a weak spot in artery wall
effects of stroke
Death
Paralysis
Walking disability
Speech impairment
Memory loss
Changes in behavior
recognizing a stroke
FAST
facial paralysis
arm weakness
speech difficulty
time to call 911
stroke treatment
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
recognize possible TA
CT for diagnosis
medication
rehab, lifestyle changes
atherosclerosis in the arteries of limbs causing limited or blocked blood flow
PAD
risk factors for PAD
diabetes, tobacco
symptoms of PAD
claudation
rest pain
congestive heart failure known as
cardiomyopathy
heart cannot maintain its regular pumping rate and force fluids back up and collect in the lungs and other areas
congestive heart failure
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulates in lungs
management of congestive heart failure
Reduce cardiac load
Eliminate excess fluid intake
Restrict salt intake
Medication that increases the strength of pumping acting
Diuretics to eliminate excess salt and water
Cardiac rehab
congenital heart defects
born with, ,malformation of heart or major blood vessels
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
enlargement
common cause of death in athletes under 35 y/o
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
rheumatic heart disease
untreated strep infection causes rheumatic fever which permanently damages the hear muscle and valves
leading cause of heart failure worldwide
rheumatic heart disease
heart valve disorder
valves fail to open fully or close completely impairing blood flow through the heart
mitral valve prolapses
billowing of the mitral valve during ventricular contraction
nearly 1 in 5 deaths can be attributed to
smoking
___ doubles risk of stroke
smoking
when smokers have heart attacks, they are ___ times more likely than nonsmokers to die
2-3
silent killer
high BP
normal BP
120/80
rate of HTN is highest among
African americans
HTN treatment
lifestyle changes, medication
excessive levels of cholesterol can
clog arteries
LDL cholesterol
bad
shuttle cholesterol from liver to organs and tissues
LDL cholesterol can accumulate on artery walls and
be oxidized by free radicals
HDL cholesterol
shuttle unused cholesterol back to liver for recycling
HDL treatment
lifestyle, medication
for every 1% of an individual lowers their total blood cholesterol their risk of heart attack decreases by
2%
estimated ___ Americans are so sedentary that they are at risk for developing CVD
40-60 million
exercise reduces risk of CVD by
o Controlling BP and resting HR
o Increasing HDL
o Maintaining weight
o Improving the health of blood vessels
o Preventing or controlling diabetes
most common cause of death in adults with diabetes is
CVD
more risk factors of diabetes
obesity, elevated lipids, low HDL
metabolic syndrome
- Three or more factors
- Large waistline
- High triglyceride level
- Low HLD
- High BP
- High fasting blood sugar
psychological and social affects on CVD
- Stress
- Chronic hostility and anger
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Social isolation
- Low socioeconomic status
- Alcohol and drugs contribute to serious cardiac problems
risk factors for CVD that cannot be changed
genetics, age, gender, ethnicity
normal BP
120/80
elevated BP
120-120/<80
HTN stage 1
130-139/80-89
HTN stage 2
> 140/>90
protective behaviors (CVD)
o Heart healthy dietary pattern
o Decreased saturated and trans-fat intake
o Eat high fiber diet
o Reduce sodium intake
o Avoid excessive alcohol consumption
o Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, plant stanols and sterols
o Adequate folate, vitamin b6, b12
o Exercise regularly
o Avoid tobacco products
o Know and manage your BP
o Know and manage your cholesterol levels
o Develop effective ways to handle stress and anger
group of diseases characterized by abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells which can ultimately cause death if left untreated
cancer
mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
tumor
benign tumor
mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents penetration into other tissues
malignant tumor
synonymous with cancer
invade surrounding structures, including blood vessels, the lymphatic system, and nerves
every case of cancer beings as a
change in cell that allows it to grow and divide when it should not
metastasis
spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another
cells break away from the primary tumor and invade surrounding tissues or travel through the blood and lymphatic system creating
second tumor, mestases
stage of cancer classified according to extent of cancer based on
size primary tumor
whether the cancer has invaded nearby lymph nodes
whether metastases are present
remission
signs and symptoms of cancer disappear; disease is under control
five year surveil rate for all cancer is
68%
men are more likely to die from cancer because
Higher rates of tobacco use
Higher rates of alcohol use and abuse
Greater occupational exposure to carcinogens
Less use of preventative measures and less contact with health care providers
screening and self-examination have the potential to save an additional -___ lives per year
100,000
role of DNA in cancer
certain genes predispose some people to cancer
specific genetic mutations have been associated with cancer
smoking is responsible for ___ of cancer deaths
1/3
foods contain biologically active compounds that can
promote or protect against cancer
protective foods against cancer
fiber, fruits and vegetables
anticancer agents known as
phytochemical
food increase risk for cancer
saturated fat, processed meat
alcohol
high temp cooking
saturated fat and processed meat and cancer
may contribute to certain cancers, including colon, stomach, prostate
5% of cancers in men and 11% of cancers can be attributed to
excess body weight
a higher body mass index at age 25 increases ones risk of
cancer later in life
how excess body fat can lead to cancer: fat cells affect
hormone levels, inflammation, many cellular processes
how excess body fat can lead to cancer: can raise levels of
estrogen, insulin, other hormones
natural carcinogens
UV rays
microbes
viruses, bacteria, parasites
15-20% of worlds cancers caused by
microbes
helicobacter pylori causes
stomach cancer
epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis)- causes
hodgkin lymphoma, cancer of nasopharynx, some stomach cancers
human herpes virus 8 causes
Kaposi’s sarcoma and certain types of lymphoma
hepatitis B and C causes
as many as 8-% of all liver cancers
nitrosamines
nitrates and nitrates combined with dietary substances
highly potent carcinogens
radiation
medical x rays
radiostopes
sunlight
detecting cancer
self monitoring, routine cancer checkups
diagnosing cancer
biopsy, MRI, CT, ultrasonography
treating cancer
surgery, chemo, radiation
cancer classified according to
types of cells that give rise to them
carcinomas
epithelial tissue that covers body surfaces
sarcomas
connective and fibrous tissues
lymphomas
lymph nodes
leukemias
blood forming cells, chiefly in bone marrow
most common classification of cancer
carcinomas
most common cause of cancer death in the US
lung
lung cancer risk factors
smoking
lung cancer treatment
depends on type and stage
surgery, chemo, radiation
5 year survival rate of lung cancer
22%
colon and rectal cancer risk factors
age, heredity
preexisting polyps
lifestyle
vast majority of colon cancer are diagnosed after
45
may decrease risk of colon cancer
nonsterodial anti-inflammatory drugs
detection of colon cancer
regular screening beginning at age 45
treatment of colon cancer
surgery
5 year survival rate for colon cancer
91-72% early
65% overall
most common cancer in women
breast
risk factors of breast cancer
Genetic
Early onset of menstruation
Late onset of menopause
Having no children or having the first after age 30
Current use of hormone replacement therapy
Obesity
Alcohol use
Estrogen is the common factor in many of these
detection of breast cancer
mammogram, ultrasonography
treatment and prevention of breast cancer
Surgery
Monoclonal antibodies
Selective receptor modulators (SERMs)- block estrogen receptors
5 year survival rate breast cancer
99% before spread
90% all stages
most common cancer in men
prostate
prostate cancer risk factors
age, diet, lifestyle, genetic predisposition
prostate cancer detection
PSA test
prostate cancer treatment
varies on stage and age
5 year survival rate of prostate cancer
100%
cervical cancer
STI caused by HPV
cervical cancer increased risk
smoking, immunosuppression, prolonged use of oral contraceptives
cervical cancer screening
pap, hpv test
cervical cancer treatment
surgery, chemo, radiation
uterine cancer most often occurs after
55
uterine cancer risk factors
similar to breast cancer
uterine cancer treatment
hysterectomy
5 year survival rate for uterine cancer
85% white women, 63% black
ovarian cancer risk factors
age, genetics, higher number of ovulations
ovarian cancer treatment
surgical removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
ovarian cancer 5 year survival rate
93% for localized
49% for all stages
skin cancer risk factors
Exposure to UV radiation
Sunburns and suntans, especially in childhood
Fair skin
Depleted ozone
Moles
Spending time at high altitudes
Family history
types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell, melanoma
most dangerous form of skin cancer
melanoma
prevention of skin cancer
avoid long-term overexposure to sunlight
protection from sun
detection and treatment of skin cancer
signs in skin lesions
ABCDE
skin cancer ABCDE
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution
5 year survival rate skin cancer
99% if tumor is localized, distant stage 30%
