Weight Loss Flashcards
What is the evolutionary perspective on Obesity? What is the Paleo diet?
“Thrifty genes” cause food storage from when we had to go days without eating, our evolution has not caught up to the changes in food availability.
The Paleo diet is eating like we used to. So unprocessed foods, etc. Eat like our metabolic evolution.
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
It’s linked to hormone imbalance (cortisol imbalance).
Can also be triggered by taking too much glucocorticoids.
It is modernly treated with cortisol biogenesis nhibitors.
What is Babinski-Frohlicch syndrome?
It is adiposogenital dystrophy which results in overweightness and hypogonadism (delayed sexual development).
It is hormone related.
It can be treated with estrogen or testosterone.
What is Triiodothyronine?
Discovered by Gross and Pitt. An active form of thyroid hormone.
Regulates a bunch of things, including metabolism by regulating cell energy consumption.
Gross worked at McGill.
What is Hyperthyroidism?
Caused by too much Triiodothyronine.
Causes weight loss, fast heart beat, abnormal heartbeat, and nervousness.
What is 2 and 4-dinitrophenol?
People who in factories with it got thin. It is easily overdoseable. Not used to treat obesity.
How are amphetamines and obesity linked?
Amphetamine was originally a weight loss drug. Treated binge eating disorders and ADHD but it is also highly addictive.
What is Ephedrine?
Found that astma patients being treated with it lost weight.
What is Fenfluramine?
An apetite suppressant that was prescribed for weight loss. It causes cardiac vulvopathy and pulmonary hypertension and it is toxic. It is still used for epilepsy.
What are beta-3 agonists?
Increases thermogenesis in adipose tissue – burns fat instead of storing it. Worked in mice but not people. It doesn’t work for weight loss but it does for bladder syndrome.
What are the 5 categories for weight loss drugs?
Hormones (metabolism-thermogenesis)
Apetite suppressors (neurotransmission)
Lower food absoption
Signaling pathways
Metabolism targetting (targetting specific genes)
What are rainbow diet pills?
A multicolor mix of pills. They curbed appetite and promoted weight loss. They were amphetamines, laxatives, thyroid hormones, and contained stuff to block side effects.
What is Leptin?
A protein-signaling molecule (protein hormone). It is produced in adipose tissue (fat tissue), thought to regulate metabolism.
Its absence was present in overweight mice.
Humans with Leptin dysfunction show severe obesity.
Recombinant methionyl human leptin reduces food intake by stimulating long-term energy expenditure. It had limited effectiveness. Now, it treats Lipodystrophy.
Cannabinoids and CB antagonists for weight loss.
THC stimulates food intake so CB-1 antagonists reduce weight in animal models.
An example is Rimonabant. It lowered BMI, helped with diabetes, and slowed arterial sclerosis. It had severe psychiatric effects, though.
Opioids and Opioid antagonists and weight loss.
Opiods stimulate food intake, so block it with an antagonist. Naltrexone is an example. It worked by had liver toxicity issues.
What is Orlistat?
Slows process of food absorption.
It was developed from lipstatin. So it targets lipases, prevents trygleride absorption, and inhibits fatty acide synthase.
In Canada it is Xenical, a prescription drug.
What is Topiramate?
Used for binge eating disorders. Is an appetite suppressor and mood enhancer. It also treats many other things. It also targets neurotransmissions (GABA receptors).
What is Setmelanotide (Imcivree)?
Targets Leptin-Melanocortin pathway. Is an agonist for melanocortin-4 receptor in brain (more direct control of hunger satiety).
This works because mutations and knockouts of MC4R cause severe obersity,
This is FDA approved.
What is Diabetes? How is it treated? (general drugs)
A group of diseases: misregulated blood sugar glucose levels, related to insulin that controls blood glucose levels, weight loss, tiredness, moodiness, slow healing, trouble seeing straight.
Can be treated with insulin (which was discovered by Banting and Best by isolating it from a dog pancreas). Only Banting and Mcloed received nobel prize.
Insulin controls glucose levels, signals for metabolism, and promotes absorption of glucose.
Glucagon also helps because it triggers the pancreas to release more glucose into the blood stream.
Both insulin and glucagon are important for energy management.
SGLT2 inhibitors (promotes secretion), Thiazolidinediones (improves sensitivity to insulin and manages burning of lipids), Meglitinides (stimulates pancreas), Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (Receptor agonists, discovered by Drucker, a canadian doctor)
What is Type 1 diabetes?
Failure of the beta cells of the pancreas to produce insulin.
5-10% of patients have this type.
Dependent on amount of insulin. Usually results from autoimmunity.
Treated with insulin injection and pump and monitoring blood glucose often.
What is Type 2 diabetes?
Cells receiving the insulin signal develop insulin resistance – don’t respond properly.
90% have it.
It can sometimes be reversed.
Treated with healthy eating, Metformin (reduces glucose production), Sulfonylureas (stimulates cells to better respond to insulin and reverses insulin resistance), DPP4 inhibitors (slows breakdown of incretin-Decreases rate of degradation of related signaling molecule that helps reduce the resistance to insulin )
What is the connection between diabetes and obesity?
Role of insulin in the management of energy and metabolism molecules (decreases glucose).
Less glucose, less lipids, less fat, less obesity.
Decrease in glucose causes burning of fat!!!!! CRITICAL CONNECTION!
What is Liraglutide (Saxenda)?
GLP-1 receptor agonist. Is a recombinant peptide. Injectable hormone like. Approved for type 2 diabetes and weight loss. There was controversy around thyroid cancer but it turned out to be false.
Decreases appetite and amount of food eaten.
What is Semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic)?
GLP-1 receptor agonist. Injectable hormone life. Is a recombinant peptide, approved for type 2 diabetes and weight loss.
Acts on neuron in brain to make you feel full.
