Weel 8: Agression Flashcards
What is aggression? What is violence?
Any physical or verbal behavior that is aimed at harming someone who does not want to be harmed. What matters is the aim- still counts as aggression if you do not succede in harming other.
Violence is the extreme version of aggression. All violence is aggression but not all aggression is violence.
What are the two types of aggression? Direct/Indirect
- Direct: Observable physical and verbal and is intended to cause immediate harm. it is more common in boys 🍆 and it is associated with externalising problems 🤜
- Indirect: relational, socially manipulative behavior aimed at damaging relationships or social standings (gossip/exclusion). Not one gender and is linked to internalizing problems. linked to causing anxiety and depression
What is the difference between instrumental and affective aggression? How can they be reoslved?
- Instrumental💣🔪: direct and strategic. In psychopathic individuals (driven by goal not emotions) with low empathy and low empathy. Fixed by altering cognitive-behavioral patterns (changing the way one thinks and acts)
- Affective ❤️: reactive and emotionally driven, immediate/not planned and triggered by environment (irritability and sadness). Fixed by emotional regulation
What is evolutionary background of aggression?
- Evolved to address survival challenges (competing for mates/protection of offspring)
- Animals exhibit aggression too to prevent severe physical harm, assert dominance and maintain social order
What physiological changes are at the source of aggression? (Ethological perspective)
- Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: activated when conflict/interference (when individual si challenged) with goals in a social context or when rejection.
-Hypothalamus + amygdala: work together for physiological stress regulation and emotional processing. Fight (anger) or flight (fear) response. amygdala causes aggressive response when perceives danger
-Testosterone: hormone associated with with aggressive as well as risk taking behavior especially in males - provocation + conflict
What are the main differences in human and animal aggression? What aspects of aggression are uniquely human?
- humans are more influenced by cultural and enviornmental factors
- humans have access to technological tools 🔫💣 which escalates and intensities conflict
- humans have self control that are affected by cognitive load: under a high cognitive load humans are more likely to act with little self control: impulsively and agressively. Prefrontal cortex doesn’t suppress instincts
- role of neurotransmitters: low levels of seratonin are linked with higher agression especially when facing stress
- humans have sophisticated abilities to stop, think and find alternatives to aggression
Describe the cognitive neoassociation theory?
Theory describes how enviornmental cues can spark aggressive behavior.
Based on the idea that there is a network that connects memories, emotions and beliefs.
1) enviornment triggers an emotional or physical response
2) the network of agression, anger and frusturation is activated
3) the activated network influences how you behave, potentially increasing the likelihood of being aggressive.
Theory focuses on short-term causes/immediate of aggression
What is the excitation transfer theory?
Excitation transfer theory suggests that arousal (physical) from one event can be transferred to another event, potentially leading to aggressive behavior
What is the general aggression model?
A more complex model that helps provide understanding of the short and long term causes of aggression. Studies the interaction of personal, cognitive and enviornmental factors.
Stage 1: personal (personality, mood) and situational (getting insulted) variables
Stage 2: Present internal state (3 internal routes): Cognition:Aggressive thoughts or scripts activated by the situation. Affect: Emotional state, such as anger or frustration. Arousal: Physiological response, such as increased heart rate or adrenaline
Stage 3: After the inputs have altered the routes ‘appraisal and decisions area’ must decide whether the change of internal state is going to trigger a behavior
Stage 4: Behavior
What are 3 biases that can occur at the appraisal stage of the general aggresion model?
Hostile attribution bias: interpreting other’s ambiguous actions as intentionally aggressive
Hostile perception bias: seeing ambiguous social environment and interaction as hostile or aggressive
Hostile expectation bias: expecting others will respond aggressively to potential conflicts
What is the priming of aggressive cognitions?
Idea that refers to the process by which exposure to certain stimuli increasing the likelihood of aggressive behavior. This process occurs because of the activation of mental associations in memory that are linked to aggression. Individuals are NOT provoked or frustrated ( no affective arousal).
The weapon effect:
1) seeing weapons activates memories and cognitions (pimes aggressive mindset)
2) being primed with aggressive mindset influences appraisal and decisions area process leading to 3 biases
3) Weapons enhance physiological arousal (increased testosterone) which prepares individuals to responding aggressivly
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Idea that aggression is a result of frustration when an individual’s goal is blocked.
The level of frustration varies (arbitrary) - different levels of frustration will lead to different levels of aggression.
Attacks, insults and social rejection will make you more vulnerable/prone to feeling frustrated and lead to aggression
However the aggression may get displaced on not always be directed to the source of frustration. (The one drop that makes the container spill)
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behaviors are shaped by their consequences (reward/punishment). For example if a child always gets what they want by being aggressive they will think that aggression is the way to go.
Family life/media exposure will have a large effect
What are methods that justify aggression?
Psyhchological justification: once people begin doing something they will continue doinging it because if they do not they will exprience cognitive dissonance. It is used to justify aggression
Kill bugs once, always kill bugs
What is the influence of media on aggression?
- creates schemas through SLT in whatcher’s minds
- shapes perception of reality making it seem more dangerous 🗺️
- normalizes violence and aggression by decreasing sensitivity to it
- media influences individual’s internal state
What are factors that mediate the degree to which the media influences aggressive behavior (mediators/ mediating factors)?
-hostile attribution style: how likely it is for an individual to interpret normal behavior as aggressive
- the degree to which the individual sees aggression as the answer - increased normative acceptance of aggression
-emotional desensitization: the empathy one feels towards others
- rumination: whether on is dwelling on past experiences