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CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam > Weeks 9 & 10: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Weeks 9 & 10: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation

A

Process where the body gathers info and transmits it to the brain

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

When the brains elects, organises and interprets sensory info

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3
Q

There are 3 basic principles that apply to sensation and perception. What are they?

A
  1. There is no one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality
  2. They are both active processes
    They are both adaptive
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4
Q

The translation of physical stimulation into neural signals is called…

A

Transduction

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5
Q

An absolute sensory threshold is the…

A

Minimal amount of energy required for activation

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6
Q

What are the 2 processes required for detecting a stimulus?

A 
1.	Initial sensory process (observer’s sensitivity to the stimulus)
Decision process (readiness to report detecting a stimulus)
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7
Q

What are the 4 signal detection outcomes?

A

Hit, Miss, False alarm and correct rejection

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8
Q

If you have a YES response bias, you are

A

‘trigger happy’, more sensitive to signals

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9
Q

If you have a NO response bias, you are…

A

Slow to pick up signals

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10
Q

Which threshold law?

The 2nd of 2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to the first to be perceived as different.

A

Weber’s Law

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11
Q

Which threshold law?

The magnitude of a stimulus grows logarithmically as the subjective experience of intensity grows algorithmically.

A

Fechner’s Law

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12
Q

Which threshold law?

Your perception grows in line with the change in actual intensity

A

Steven’s Power Law

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13
Q

The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change is called…

A

Sensory adaptation

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14
Q

The visual perception pathway that tells us WHERE things are is in the…

A

Parietal lobe

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15
Q

The visual perception pathway that tells us WHAT things are is in the…

A

Temporal lobe

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16
Q

In the ear, waves travel down the …

A

Basilar membrane

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17
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

Tracking and attending to a particular sound source

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18
Q

What is the phenomic restoration effect?

A

Hearing/inoutting sounds to make language meaningful

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19
Q

What do proprioceptive senses do?

A

Register body position and movements

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20
Q

The vestibular sense senses…

A

Gravity and movement

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21
Q

Kinesthesia provides info about

A

Position of limbs and other parts, relative to one another.

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22
Q

The ability to perceive info outside of our conscious awareness is called…

A

Subliminal perception

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of light receptors called at the back of the eye balls?

A

Rods (120 million of them)

Cones (8 million of them)

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24
Q

What do rods and cones do?

A

Absorb light energy

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25
Q

The rods and cones send electrical signals to…

A

bipolar cells

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26
Q

The bipolar cells produce a graded potential in the…

A

ganglion cells

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27
Q

The long axons of the ganglion cells bundle together to form the…

A

optic nerve

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28
Q

The optic nerve carries information to the…

A

brain

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29
Q

Optic nerve impulses pass through the…

A

optic chasm

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30
Q

After the optic chasm, the pathways are called the…

A

optic tract

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31
Q

What is the clump of neurons called that control eye movement?

A

Superior colliculus

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32
Q

The Young-helmholtz tricolour theory states that…

A

The eye contains 3 types of receptors
The eye is most sensitive to green and blue
This operates at a retina level

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33
Q

Opponent process theory of colour vision states that…

A

There are 3 antagonistic colour systems
blue-yellow, red-green, black-white
This operates at higher neural levels

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34
Q

Frequency is measured in

A

Hertz

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35
Q

Amplitude refers to the loudness of a sound, meaning the…

A

height and depth of the sound

36
Q

Complexity of sound refers to…

A

The timbre (multiple frequencies)

37
Q

What are the 3 main components of the eardrum?

A

The hammer, anvil and stirrup

38
Q

The semicircular canals in the ear help us to…

A

balance

39
Q

The cochlea helps us with…

A

hearing

40
Q

What does the auditory nerve do?

A

Transmits auditory info to the brain

41
Q

The location where 100’s of different smell receptors reside is called the…

A

olfactory epithelum

42
Q

The world as it is subjectively experienced by an individual is referred to as…

A

the phenomenological world

43
Q

Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between

A

the physical wold and our experience

44
Q

The doctrine of specific nerve energies states that sensations result from following…

A

specific nerve pathways

45
Q

The 2 major processes occuring in the eye are…

A

focusing and transduction

46
Q

Each ganglion cell in the eye has a…

A

receptive field

47
Q

The receptive field is the region where…

A

a neuron responds to stimulation

48
Q

Describe the cochlea

A

a 3 chambered tube shaped like a snal

49
Q

What happens when we hear a sound?

A

The stirrup vibrates against the oval window.
The window vibrates and causes pressure in the cochlear fluid
This disturbs the basilar membrane (which separates the 2 chambers)

50
Q

This law is consistent with sensory modality, but varies from modality to modality…

A

the Weber Fraction

51
Q

The centre-surround areas areas of the ganglion cells exhibit…

A

lateral inhibition

52
Q

the visual image of different and predictable colour that persists after a stimulus has been removed is called an…

A

after image

53
Q

The incus, stapes and malleus in the middle ear are also known as…

A

the anvil, the stirrup and the hammer

54
Q

How often do taste receptors regenerate and why?

A

every 10-11 days, otherwise damage like burns could occur that permanently damage the tongue

55
Q

Name some important functions of the skin

A
  • aids social interactions
  • protects from injury
  • maintains body temp
56
Q

What are common psychological traits of people with chronic pain?

A

anxious, depressed, needy, angry, blame all personal problems on their condition

57
Q

the human eye can detect light between…

A

400-700nm

58
Q

This part of the eye is more sensitive to light and responds to lower light intensities than other parts…

A

rods

59
Q

A hearing problem due to the stapes is what kind of problem…

A

conduction

60
Q

Permanent damage to the ear can occur from…

A

repeated exposure to sounds over 90db (eg. concerts)

61
Q

Damage to the primary gustatory systems in the brain will result in…

A

difficulty identifying food due to loss of taste

62
Q

the perceptual principle of similarity is the tendency to…

A

group similar elements together

63
Q

Which perception is believed to be partially learned, cross-culturally?

A

pereceiving 3D in 2D art

64
Q

What do the receptive fields in ‘motion detectors’ do as the input travels to the primary visual cortex?

A

The increase in size

65
Q

What are the 3 types of perceptual constancies?

A

size, shape, colour

66
Q

What is the muller-lyer illusion?

A

a perceptual illusion in which 2 lines of the same length appear different in length

67
Q

The ponzo illusion (2 lines of equal length, one above the other, that do not appear to be of equal length) depends on…

A

experience with linear perspective

68
Q

The meaning of stimuli is often immediate and obvious, even to the untrained eye. This is the theory of…

A

direct perception

69
Q

These increase the speed and efficiency of perception…

A

schemas

70
Q

According to Gestalt psychologists, this is not a perceptual rule of the brain…

A

shading

71
Q

Top down processing and bottom up processing occur…

A

simultanously

72
Q

Processing that begins with raw,, sensory data that feeds towards a perception is called…

A

bottom-up processing

73
Q

Processing that starts with observed explanation and knowledge to organise and interpret sensations is called…

A

top down processing (Gestalt)

74
Q

Distinguishing an object from its background sensation is called…

A

figure-ground

75
Q

Biederman’s recognition by components theory - incomplete figures are recognised quickly as long as…

A

the relationships between the geons are clear

76
Q

Perceptual illusions result from…

A

perceptual misinterpretation

77
Q

Retinal disparity and convergence are…

A

binocular cues

78
Q

The perception of movement in objects is called…

A

motion perception

79
Q

organising changing perceptions into stable concepts is called…

A

perceptual constancy

80
Q

Some of the monocular cues to depth perception include:

A 
linear perspective (parallel lines appearing to converge in the distance)
shading
interposition (obstructed objects appearing more distant)
81
Q

This is NOT a monocular depth cue…

A

convergence (of the eyes closer together when things are up close)

82
Q

the moon illusion is an example of…

A

incorrect inferences about depth cues

83
Q

When you look out the window of a moving car, trees seem to pass quickly, compared to if you looked out the front of the car. This is called…

A

motion parallax

84
Q

Perceptual constancy is…

A

The perception of objects as stable despite different sensory cues being received (eg. change in hair colour or apperance = the same person)

85
Q

Perceptual constancy is…

A

knowing an object is the same despite viewing it from different angles/sides

86
Q

Knowing an open door is still a rectangle is an example of…

A

shape constancy

87
Q

What is the difference between bottom-up and top down processing?

A

Bottom up starts with raw sensory data that feeds up to the brain.
Top-down starts with our expectatasians and knowledge

CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam (8 decks)

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