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CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam > Weeks 9 & 10: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Weeks 9 & 10: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation

A

Process where the body gathers info and transmits it to the brain

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

When the brains elects, organises and interprets sensory info

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3
Q

There are 3 basic principles that apply to sensation and perception. What are they?

A
  1. There is no one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality
  2. They are both active processes
    They are both adaptive
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4
Q

The translation of physical stimulation into neural signals is called…

A

Transduction

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5
Q

An absolute sensory threshold is the…

A

Minimal amount of energy required for activation

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6
Q

What are the 2 processes required for detecting a stimulus?

A 
1.	Initial sensory process (observer’s sensitivity to the stimulus)
Decision process (readiness to report detecting a stimulus)
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7
Q

What are the 4 signal detection outcomes?

A

Hit, Miss, False alarm and correct rejection

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8
Q

If you have a YES response bias, you are

A

‘trigger happy’, more sensitive to signals

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9
Q

If you have a NO response bias, you are…

A

Slow to pick up signals

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10
Q

Which threshold law?

The 2nd of 2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to the first to be perceived as different.

A

Weber’s Law

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11
Q

Which threshold law?

The magnitude of a stimulus grows logarithmically as the subjective experience of intensity grows algorithmically.

A

Fechner’s Law

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12
Q

Which threshold law?

Your perception grows in line with the change in actual intensity

A

Steven’s Power Law

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13
Q

The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue without change is called…

A

Sensory adaptation

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14
Q

The visual perception pathway that tells us WHERE things are is in the…

A

Parietal lobe

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15
Q

The visual perception pathway that tells us WHAT things are is in the…

A

Temporal lobe

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16
Q

In the ear, waves travel down the …

A

Basilar membrane

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17
Q

What is the cocktail party phenomenon?

A

Tracking and attending to a particular sound source

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18
Q

What is the phenomic restoration effect?

A

Hearing/inoutting sounds to make language meaningful

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19
Q

What do proprioceptive senses do?

A

Register body position and movements

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20
Q

The vestibular sense senses…

A

Gravity and movement

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21
Q

Kinesthesia provides info about

A

Position of limbs and other parts, relative to one another.

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22
Q

The ability to perceive info outside of our conscious awareness is called…

A

Subliminal perception

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of light receptors called at the back of the eye balls?

A

Rods (120 million of them)

Cones (8 million of them)

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24
Q

What do rods and cones do?

A

Absorb light energy

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25
The rods and cones send electrical signals to...
bipolar cells
26
The bipolar cells produce a graded potential in the...
ganglion cells
27
The long axons of the ganglion cells bundle together to form the...
optic nerve
28
The optic nerve carries information to the...
brain
29
Optic nerve impulses pass through the...
optic chasm
30
After the optic chasm, the pathways are called the...
optic tract
31
What is the clump of neurons called that control eye movement?
Superior colliculus
32
The Young-helmholtz tricolour theory states that...
The eye contains 3 types of receptors The eye is most sensitive to green and blue This operates at a retina level
33
Opponent process theory of colour vision states that...
There are 3 antagonistic colour systems blue-yellow, red-green, black-white This operates at higher neural levels
34
Frequency is measured in
Hertz
35
Amplitude refers to the loudness of a sound, meaning the...
height and depth of the sound
36
Complexity of sound refers to...
The timbre (multiple frequencies)
37
What are the 3 main components of the eardrum?
The hammer, anvil and stirrup
38
The semicircular canals in the ear help us to...
balance
39
The cochlea helps us with...
hearing
40
What does the auditory nerve do?
Transmits auditory info to the brain
41
The location where 100's of different smell receptors reside is called the...
olfactory epithelum
42
The world as it is subjectively experienced by an individual is referred to as...
the phenomenological world
43
Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between
the physical wold and our experience
44
The doctrine of specific nerve energies states that sensations result from following...
specific nerve pathways
45
The 2 major processes occuring in the eye are...
focusing and transduction
46
Each ganglion cell in the eye has a...
receptive field
47
The receptive field is the region where...
a neuron responds to stimulation
48
Describe the cochlea
a 3 chambered tube shaped like a snal
49
What happens when we hear a sound?
The stirrup vibrates against the oval window. The window vibrates and causes pressure in the cochlear fluid This disturbs the basilar membrane (which separates the 2 chambers)
50
This law is consistent with sensory modality, but varies from modality to modality...
the Weber Fraction
51
The centre-surround areas areas of the ganglion cells exhibit...
lateral inhibition
52
the visual image of different and predictable colour that persists after a stimulus has been removed is called an...
after image
53
The incus, stapes and malleus in the middle ear are also known as...
the anvil, the stirrup and the hammer
54
How often do taste receptors regenerate and why?
every 10-11 days, otherwise damage like burns could occur that permanently damage the tongue
55
Name some important functions of the skin
- aids social interactions - protects from injury - maintains body temp
56
What are common psychological traits of people with chronic pain?
anxious, depressed, needy, angry, blame all personal problems on their condition
57
the human eye can detect light between...
400-700nm
58
This part of the eye is more sensitive to light and responds to lower light intensities than other parts...
rods
59
A hearing problem due to the stapes is what kind of problem...
conduction
60
Permanent damage to the ear can occur from...
repeated exposure to sounds over 90db (eg. concerts)
61
Damage to the primary gustatory systems in the brain will result in...
difficulty identifying food due to loss of taste
62
the perceptual principle of similarity is the tendency to...
group similar elements together
63
Which perception is believed to be partially learned, cross-culturally?
pereceiving 3D in 2D art
64
What do the receptive fields in 'motion detectors' do as the input travels to the primary visual cortex?
The increase in size
65
What are the 3 types of perceptual constancies?
size, shape, colour
66
What is the muller-lyer illusion?
a perceptual illusion in which 2 lines of the same length appear different in length
67
The ponzo illusion (2 lines of equal length, one above the other, that do not appear to be of equal length) depends on...
experience with linear perspective
68
The meaning of stimuli is often immediate and obvious, even to the untrained eye. This is the theory of...
direct perception
69
These increase the speed and efficiency of perception...
schemas
70
According to Gestalt psychologists, this is not a perceptual rule of the brain...
shading
71
Top down processing and bottom up processing occur...
simultanously
72
Processing that begins with raw,, sensory data that feeds towards a perception is called...
bottom-up processing
73
Processing that starts with observed explanation and knowledge to organise and interpret sensations is called...
top down processing (Gestalt)
74
Distinguishing an object from its background sensation is called...
figure-ground
75
Biederman's recognition by components theory - incomplete figures are recognised quickly as long as...
the relationships between the geons are clear
76
Perceptual illusions result from...
perceptual misinterpretation
77
Retinal disparity and convergence are...
binocular cues
78
The perception of movement in objects is called...
motion perception
79
organising changing perceptions into stable concepts is called...
perceptual constancy
80
Some of the monocular cues to depth perception include:
``` linear perspective (parallel lines appearing to converge in the distance) shading interposition (obstructed objects appearing more distant) ```
81
This is NOT a monocular depth cue...
convergence (of the eyes closer together when things are up close)
82
the moon illusion is an example of...
incorrect inferences about depth cues
83
When you look out the window of a moving car, trees seem to pass quickly, compared to if you looked out the front of the car. This is called...
motion parallax
84
Perceptual constancy is...
The perception of objects as stable despite different sensory cues being received (eg. change in hair colour or apperance = the same person)
85
Perceptual constancy is...
knowing an object is the same despite viewing it from different angles/sides
86
Knowing an open door is still a rectangle is an example of...
shape constancy
87
What is the difference between bottom-up and top down processing?
Bottom up starts with raw sensory data that feeds up to the brain. Top-down starts with our expectatasians and knowledge

CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam (8 decks)

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