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CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam > Week 5: Memory > Flashcards

Week 5: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Taking something we have observed and converting into a form that we can STORE, RETRIEVE and USE.

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic memory processes?

A

Encoding - Getting info into the memory
Storage- Keeping the info in memory
Retrieval -Accessing info at a later time

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3
Q

What is attention?

A

Focusing attention on a specific stimuli.

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4
Q

What is a mental representation and what are the 3 types?

A

A mental model of stimulus or category.

  1. sensory representation (seeing, hearing etc)
  2. Verbal representation - information stored in words
  3. motoric representations - memories stored as actions eg. swinging a tennis racquet
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5
Q

Discuss the standard model of memory.

A
  • stimuli enters the sensory registers (some info is lost)
  • Info passed to STM (some info is lost, rehearsal occurs to keep it there)
  • Info passed to LTM (some info is lost)
  • Info is retrieved from LTM into STM
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6
Q

Discuss the sensory registers in the SMM.

A
  • Holds info for a fraction of a second after the stimuli disappears
  • Every sensory system has a sensory register
    Iconic storage = visual info
    Echoic storage = auditory info
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7
Q

What is the storage capacity of the sensory register in the SMM?

A

25+ stimuli (quite large)

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8
Q

How long is info stored in the sensory registers in the SMM?

A

0.25 seconds - 2 seconds

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9
Q

What info from the sensory registers moves to the STM in the SMM?

A

Information that has been attended to

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10
Q

What is the capacity and duration of info held in the STM in the SMM?

A

Capacity - small, 7 items and 2 more sometimes

Duration - 20-30 seconds

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11
Q

What is Maintenance rehearsal, in relation to STM in the SMM?

A

Keeping info in the STM for longer by using techniques such as chanting a phone number.

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12
Q

What is the duration of information in the LTM in the SMM?

A

Possibly limitless.

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13
Q

What is the process of extracting information from the LTM called in the SMM?

A

Retrieval

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14
Q

What does the serial position curve of LTM indicate?

A

Primacy and recency effects - Information learned early on will be remembered more than info in the middle of a sequence.

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15
Q

How are primacy and recency accounted for during experiments?

A

By administering a distraction task before recall.

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16
Q

Discuss the evolution of memory theory.

A

Rather than a SMM, memory is thoight to be comprised of modules that are interdependent yet discrete.

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17
Q

Memory is no longer likened to…

A

the processing of a computer.

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18
Q

Baddely and Hitch suggested that working memory is comprised of…

A

3 memory systems

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19
Q

In working memory, the visual store is independent of the…

A

verbal store.

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20
Q

Discuss the 3 working memory systems.

A
  1. Central executive - controls flow and processing of info
  2. Visual memory store - temporary image (20-30 secs), stores info about location and nature of objects
  3. Verbal memory store - storage of verbal items, limited capacity.
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21
Q

The SMM involving STM and LTM has been replaced by…

A

The concept of working memory involving 3 memory systems.

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22
Q

The visual memory in WM is also called the…

A

visuospatial sketchpad

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23
Q

The verbal memory in WM is also called the…

A

phonological loop

24
Q

What part of the brain directs WM?

A

the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

25
Q

what physical evidence exists to prove that the visual and verbal memory stores operate independently?

A

They activate different cortical regions of the brain

26
Q

There is evidence to support a distinction between working memroy and…

A

LTM

27
Q

In the case of Henry (H.M), what procedure was performed and what was the effect on memory?

A

His corpus collosum was severed to treat severe epilepsy.

He was unable to transfer info from STM to LTM.

28
Q

What do we us to increase our memory capacity?

A

Mneumonic devices like chunking/acronyms

SWFGSOHNSSDLTR

29
Q

What 2 types of information are stored in LTM?

A

Declarative memory - facts and events
- semanic (general world knowdledge/facts
- episodic (memory of events, autobiographical)
Proedural memory - skills and proceudres (‘how to’)

30
Q

What are the 2 ways of expressing knowledge from LTM and their subsets?

A

Expicit memory - conscious recollection of info eg. shoe size (through direct recall or recognition)
Implicit memory - expressed in behaviour but not necessarily conscious eg. driving

31
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in LTM?

A 
Frontal lobes (working, procedural, episodic memory)
Amygdala (emotional memory)
32
Q

What is encoding in relation to LTM?

A

Converting information into a representational form.

33
Q

What is the difference between shallow and deep processing in rekation to LTM?

A

Shallow processing - focuses on physical characteristics

Deep processing - focuses on meaning

34
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

The ease of retrieval depends on the match between the way information was encoded and how it is later retrieved.

35
Q

What is the principle of context dependent memory?

A

Information is easier to recall when retrieved within the dame context that it was encoded.

36
Q

What is the principle of mood (state) congruent memory?

A

Information is easier to recall when retrieved in the same emotional state as when it was encoded

37
Q

What is the spacing effect in relation to LTM?

A

More information is recalled correctly when retrieved every 56 days, when compared to every 14 or 28 days.

38
Q

How do mneumonic devices enhance memory?

State 2 examples?

A

They add additional cues for retrieval.

  1. method of loci - uses visual imagery to aid memory
  2. SQ-IR method - textbook memory aid (survey, question, read, recite, review)
39
Q

What is the semantic network model of LTM?

A

Network of connected nodes in clusters.

40
Q

What is hierarchical storage?

A

Nodes in LTM contain broad categories that then contain narrower categories.

41
Q

How do schemas affect the way people remember?

A

They influence the way info is encoded.
They shape the way info is reconstructed.
eg. items in a photo of an office - people remember things that are in their office and even things that are not in the photo but in their office.

42
Q

How is the influence of schemas important in law?

A

In eyewitness testimonies - our schemas influence our reconstructive memory.
- Leading questions can change our recall (eg. a/the broken tail light)

43
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A
  1. Transcience - fading memory over time
  2. Absent-mindedness - not paying attention
  3. Misattribution -source amnesia
  4. Suggestibility - Thinking we remember things
  5. Bias - Distortons in recall
  6. Persistence - Recurring memories
  7. Forgetting - inability to remember
44
Q

What is decay theory?

A

memory fades with disuse

45
Q

What is interference theory?

A

A conflict between new and old memories
Proactive - old interferes with new
Retroactive - new interferes with old

46
Q

What is motivational forgetting?

A

Forgetting can help us to avoid painful memories

47
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to retain new memories.

48
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The inability to recall memories from before an accident/incident

49
Q

What is Spreading Activation Theory?

A

Activation of one node in a network of association triggers activation in closely related nodes.
eg. tide - laundry detergent and moon, ocean, waves

50
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events

51
Q

In the modern view, memory consists of modules which operate…

A

simultaneously

52
Q

What plays a reconstructive role in memory?

A

schemas

53
Q

Most of the information that enters the sensory registers is…

A

lost or forgotten

54
Q

What is the pattern of memory loss?

A

Memory loss is rapid at first, then takes on a logarithmic pattern. But with rehearsal, memories can last a lifetime.

55
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Part of declarative memory, general world knowledge ad facts.

56
Q

What is retrospective memory?

A

Remembering things you did in the past (eg. what you had for dinner and what yo did after that)

57
Q

What marks do students remember more, A’s or D’s?

A

A’s

CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam (8 decks)

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