Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam > Week 12: Thinking and Reasoning > Flashcards

Week 12: Thinking and Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

Representations that describe, explain or predict how things work are called…

A

Mental models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

An abstraction across many instances of a category is a…

A

Prototype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do people construct a prototype in their minds?

A

They extract the most common important features of the object in a category (eg. ‘bird’ is an airbrushed photograph, rather than a specific type).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

According to neuroimaging studies, categorising at a superordinate (more abstract) level uses what part of the brain?

A

left, prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What part of the bran is activated when categorising at a subordinate level?

A

Right, prefrontal cortex and visual attentional circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What must we do before we can think about an object?

A

We must classify it (know what it is and what it does).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do people typically classify objects?

A

By judging their similarity to prototypes (abstract representations of a category)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____________ involve groupings based on common properties.

A

Categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A ___________ is a mental representation of a category

A

concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At what level do people categorise more rapidly?

A

The basic level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is the expected utility value computed?

A

By combining the weighted utility value (usefulness) and the expected probability of obtaining an outcome (likelihood).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Cognitive shortcuts for quickly selecting from alternatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do heuristics (cognitive shortcuts) allow people to do?

A

Make rapid, efficient, but sometimes irrational judgements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Thought processes in the brain are thought by psychologists to be…

A

Both distributed through large networks and localised to particular brain units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

One level more abstract that the basic level is the…

A

superordinate level, where objects share few common features.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are cross-cultural universals?

A

People everywhere group things together because that is the nature of humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In addition to categorisation being cross-cultural, the way we categorise helps us to…

A

solve problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can mental simulations be successful?

A

By visualising the steps involved in detail to achieve a successful outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mental simulation is a…

A

problem solving strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Connectionism asserts that cognitive processes work…

A

simultaneously, through multiple activated networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What role do motivation and emotion play in risk assessment?

A

They highlight the ambiguity surrounding risks (what is risky to someone seem to be as risky to another)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why can people read handwriting rapidly and correctly?

A

Because of connectionism - simultaneous cognitive processes are occuring using multiple neural networks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is constraint satisfaction?

A

as many constraints are satisfied as possible to achieve the best fit to the data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

People are better off making decisions based on…

A

the bounds imposed by their environment, goals and abilities.

25
Q

Satisfying and sufficing to make a quick decision is called…

A

satisfycing

26
Q

The emotional gains and losses are ultimately asymmetrical. This is called…

A

Prospect theory.

27
Q

According to prospect theory, we should be…

A

more willing to take a risk to avoid a loss than obtain a gain (because losses have greater emotional impacts than gains)

28
Q

Categorisation is…

A

identifying an object as similar to some objects and dissimilar to others

29
Q

In regards to mental images, people can think in…

A

Words or images

30
Q

What relationship does ‘motorcycle’ have to ‘vehicle’?

A

A subordinate relationship (more abstract than basic and superordinate, as the 2 share specific attributes)
Type of vehicle: basic
Mode of transport: superordinate

31
Q

The bottom up approach, taking specific examples to form broader generalisations and theories is called…

A

Inductive reasoning

32
Q

Vague informatin and criteria result in an…

A

ill-defined problem

33
Q

A systematic procedure used to solve a problem is called an…

A

algorithm

34
Q

Functional fixedness is…

A

the tendency to ignore other functions of an object because of fixed functions established in your mind (eg. a screwdriver as a hammer or inmates making weapons out of objects).

35
Q

The ability to recognise that others have beliefs, feelings and thoughts different to ours is the…

A

Theory of mind

36
Q

What are defining features?

A

The features of an object required to classify it

37
Q

Objects that have properties that clearly set them apart from others have…

A

well-defined features

38
Q

What are 2 common problem solving strategies?

A

Algorithms and mental simulations

39
Q

Explicit cognition is…

A

the conscious manipulation of mental representations

40
Q

Implicit cognition is…

A

cognition outside of our awareness (influenced by emotion, motivation etc)

41
Q

Thought is an extension of…

A

perception and memory

42
Q

The linguistic relativity hypothesis (Benjamin Whorf, 1940s) indicates that…

A

Thoughts are shaped by and constrained by language

43
Q

Inductive reasoning relies heavily on…

A

probablility

44
Q

Deductive reasoning draws conclusions from a set of…

A

assumptions, or syllogisms.
eg. all 30 yr old women are blonde.
Holly is a 30 year old woman
Holly is blonde

45
Q

The process of understanding a novel situation in terms of a familiar one is called…

A

analogical reasoning

46
Q

What are some examples of heuristics?

A
  • Working backward
  • Searching for analogies
  • Mentally trying out solutions
  • Breaking a large problem into smaller ones
47
Q

The problem solving barrier called a Mental Set is…

A

using the same problem solving technique that worked previously but may not be useful now.

48
Q

What is confirmational bias?

A

the tendency to search for information that we already believe in.

49
Q

What are some faulty heuristics?

A

Availability heuristic - events that we can easily recall are common and typical (eg. lindt seige)
Representative heuristic - compulsively matching an object to its category
Rounded Reality - being rationa only within the bounds of your environment, gals and abilities.

50
Q

What is parallel constraint satisfaction?

A

tendency to settle on a solution that satisfies as many constraints as possible and fits the data the best.

51
Q

According to the Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity, _______ shapes thought?

A

Language

52
Q

What is universal grammar?

A

Innate set of linguistic principles around the world.

53
Q

What are the 2 views of categorisation?

A

People categorise objects rapidly by judging their

  1. defining features
  2. similarity to existing protoypes
54
Q

In order to make a rational decision about which option to choose, you must compute WHICH value of each option before selecting the highest one?

A

Expected utility value

55
Q

Categorisation in different cultures involves…

A

universals and culturally-influenced problem solving

56
Q

Why can people read handwriting rapidly and correctly?

A

The nodes in the networks are set up to recognise handwriting more quickly.

57
Q

At what level can motorcycle and vehicle be grouped together?

A

The 3rd level - the subordinate

58
Q

What type of reasoning works from observation to form conclusions?

A

Inductive reasoning

CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions