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CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam > Week 7: Classical Conditioning > Flashcards

Week 7: Classical Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Classical conditioning is also known as…

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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2
Q

What is classical or pavlovian conitioning?

A

Learning the association between 2 or more stimuli

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3
Q

Instrumental conditioning is also known as…

A

Operant conditoning

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4
Q

What is instrumental or operant conditioning?

A

Learning the association between a behaviour and its consequence

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5
Q

In pavlov’s experiments, the meat powder was the…

A

Unconditional stimulus (US)

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6
Q

What does it mean if something is an unconditional stimulus?

A

It elicits an unconditional response regardless of past learning history (it is biologically determined, eg. meat powder makes a dog drool).

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7
Q

In pavlov’s experiments, the tone was the…

A

Conditional stimulus

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8
Q

What is a conditional stimulus?

A

It was neutral prior to conditioning, but when paired with an unconditional stimulus it can elicit a conditional response (CR)

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9
Q

What part of the CNS is engaged during conditioning?

A

The sympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

During classical conditioning, what is acquisition?

A

The conditional stimulus acquiring the ability to elicit a conditional response.

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11
Q

During classical conditioning, what is extinction?

A

The conditional stimulus will gradually lose its ability to elicit a conditioned response.

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12
Q

What is spontaneous recovery? (after 24 hours)

A

After extinction, a conditional response will be shown when presented with the conditional stimulus, but it will be a smaller reaction.

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of acquisition in order from most to least effective?

A
  1. Trace conditioning - most
  2. Delay conditioning
  3. Simultaneous conitioning
  4. Backward conditioning - least
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14
Q

What is delay conditioning?

A

The conditional stimulus comes before the unconditioned stimulus but can overlap.
(eg. tone, meat powder)

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15
Q

What is Trace conditioning?

A

The most effective form of conditioning.
The conditional stimulus occurs, then a small break and then the unconditional stimulus is provided.
(eg. tone, break, meat powder)

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16
Q

What is simultaneous conditioning?

A

The conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulus are provided at the same time.
(eg. tone and meat powder at the same time)

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17
Q

What is backward conditioning?

A

Least effective
The unconditional stimulus is provided before the conditioned stimulus.
(eg. meat powder, then tone)

18
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

What gradient is evident here.

A

Conditional response is elicited for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Gradient: the closer to the conditional stimulus that it is, the higher the unconditional response will be (eg. an 800hz tone will elicit more response than a 600hz tone)

19
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

A conditional response is only elicited when paired with the original unconditional stimulus.

20
Q

What is higher order conditioning

A 
Some next level shit.
The conditional stimulus can become the unconditional stimulus eg.
tone + meat powder = salivation
light + tone = salivation
tone = salivation
21
Q

Describe a real life application of classical conditioning.

A

Phobias - can occur from the pairing of a neutral stimulus (eg. snake) with an aversive consequence (eg. bite).

22
Q

Describe the experiments on Little Albert

A

Researchers paired animals with a loud gong, so albert learned to fear the rat and other similar stimuli (white kitten, white blanket - STIMULUS GENERALISATION)

23
Q

In the experiments on Little Albert, he did not fear dogs. What concept does this demonstrate?

A

Stimulus discrimination - a dog was not close enough to the conditional stimulus of the white rat to elicit a conditional response (crying).

24
Q

Repeated presentations of a feared stimukus will result in a reduction of fear response. This is an example of…

A

Extinction

25
Q

When a relapse occurs during exposure therapy, this is an example of…

A

Spontaneous recovery.

26
Q

Exposure therapy is referred to in the field as…

A

The penicillin of psychology

27
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

Exposing a person in gradual steps to thier fear (eg. a drawing of a spider, a photo, one in a jar, holding the jr, holding the spider).

28
Q

How is classial conditioning evident in political campaigms?

A

Positively - Pairing the candidate with a baby, a flag.

Negatively - Pairing with budgie smugglers or looking ugly or sneaky.

29
Q

An advanced classical conditioning phenomena is Preparedness. What is it?

A

Some associations are formed more easily than others due to evolutionary history (g. predators).

30
Q

A decreased strength of a reflex after repeated exposure to it (eg. a ticking clock) is called…

A

habituation

31
Q

The associations formed between stimulus and response as a result of conditioning is called…

A

learning

32
Q

One of the factors crucial to conditioning is…

A

The temporal order of the CS and UCS

33
Q

Rescorla and Wagner’s law of prediction suggests that…

A

classical conditioning involves more than an mechanical response (cognition is also involved)

34
Q

Long term potentiation is when groups of neurons…

A

fire more readily after consistent stimulation from other neurons (due to conditioning)

35
Q

What are the 3 main assumptions of most THEORIES OF LEARNING?

A
  1. Experience shapes behaviour
  2. Learning is adaptive
  3. Careful experimentation can teach us more about learning
36
Q

Extinction in classical conditioning results from the omission of the…

A

Unconditioned stimulus

37
Q

The biological wiring of an organism to learn some associations more easily than others is…

A

Prepared learning

38
Q

When the body attempts to counteract the effects of a stimulus (eg. as seen in heroin addicts), this is called…

A

paradoxical conditioning

39
Q

conditioned taste aversions generally result from____ and are crucial to______.

A

nausea, survival

40
Q

The purpose of the experiments on little Albert was to prove that…

A

emotional responses can be learned.

41
Q

The migrating of salmon is a…

A

reflex - behaviour automatically produced in response to environmental stimuli

CogBog Sem 1 End of Semester Exam (8 decks)

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