Weeks 1 & 2

Question 1

Carcinogen

Answer 1

cancer-causing agent, frequently chemical

Any substance or agent that can cause or promote cancer by damaging DNA or causing uncontrolled cell growth. Carcinogens can be chemical, physical, or biological, and their effects depend on the exposure and individual susceptibility.

Question 2

Carcinoma

Answer 2

Cancer that forms in epithelial tissue (including epidermis)

Question 3

Rebel cell

Answer 3

A cell that behaves abnormally, often resisting the normal controls of growth and division.
(rogue cells)

Question 4

Anthropomorphism

Answer 4

The attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

• Cancer cells do not think, do not plan, do not
  intentionally evolve

Question 5

Cancer in latin

Answer 5

“crab”
- disease
- constellation (asterism)
- zodiac sign (pseudoscience)

Question 6

karkinos in greek

Answer 6

crab

Question 7

A crab is a metaphor for cancer the disease.

Answer 7

Blood vessels supplying tumours
look like many legs of a crab attached to the body.
Tumours are hard like the body of a crab.
The pain of a growing tumour is like the pinch of a crab.

Question 8

Cancer as a metaphor

Answer 8

used for unrelated harms

Question 9

Oncogene

Answer 9

A mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

Question 10

Carcinogenesis / oncogenesis

Answer 10

The formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

Question 11

Tumour

Answer 11

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

Question 12

benign

Answer 12

non-cancerous

Question 13

malignant

Answer 13

cancerous

Question 14

~90% of cancers start…

Answer 14

in the epithelia (carcinomas)

Question 15

Some names for atypical masses on the body

Answer 15

Mole, Cyst, “Skin Tag”, Pimple, Callus, Wart, Mass, Lump

Question 16

epithelium

Answer 16

tissue made of a layer/ layers of cells covering bodily surfaces

Question 17

tumour vs neoplasm

Answer 17

tumour : A lump, growth, localized swelling, mass while…
neoplasm : a new growth

Question 18

oncology

Answer 18

branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and study of cancer.

Question 19

Glyphosate

Answer 19

a typical carbon, oxygen and hydrogen-containing
organic molecule

active ingredient in Roundup herbicide

(is it a carcinogen? No clear answer)

Suspected to cause Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y
among Male Farmers in the Agricultural Health Study.

Question 20

aneuploidy

Answer 20

The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes in a cell or organism.

Question 21

study on glyphosate use in farming

Answer 21

Males most exposed to glyphosate most likely to have lost Y chromosome from some of their cells

Question 22

hypertrophy

Answer 22

Cell sizes increase locally

Question 23

hyperplasia

Answer 23

Cell numbers increase locally

Question 24

Dysplasia

Answer 24

the cells are displaced
and disorganized; normal cell
organization not visible

Question 25

Somatic cells divide…

Answer 25

by mitosis

(they are the cells of the soma (body))

Question 26

Germ cells

Answer 26

some divide by mitosis others divide by meiosis to
produce gametes (eggs or sperm cells)

Question 27

“sporadic cancers”

Answer 27

Somatic cell gene mutations affect the organism in its lifetime - Some mutations enable cancer development.

Question 28

Germ cell gene mutations transmitted to offspring…

Answer 28

may increase risk of cancer in offspring

Question 29

Familial cancers

Answer 29

make up 5-10% of cancers

are where an inherited mutant
gene enables cancer to develop

Question 30

A neoplasm is a growth resulting from

Answer 30

hyperplasia

Question 31

gene mutation

Answer 31

change in a gene or its regulation

Question 32

Gene mutations change…

Answer 32

cell structure and/or functions

Question 33

Neoplasm to cancer :

Answer 33

cells of a benign tumor accumulate gene mutations over time to become a malignant tumor

Question 34

all species genetic and
physical diversity depends on

Answer 34

gene mutations - they enable

Question 35

polygenic

Answer 35

result of multiple interacting genes and factors

Question 36

cancer resistance and susceptibility

Answer 36

hundreds of genes contribute to it

is also influenced by environment - habits, health &
harms such as pollution

Question 37

certain mutant genes can greatly increase risk of cancer… give an example

Answer 37

albinism (lack of skin pigment)
greatly increases risk of skin cancer
beyond normal range

Question 38

Whole chromosomes can be…

Answer 38

mutated, affecting many genes

Question 39

review: sexual reproduction transmits parent’s…

Answer 39

genomes to offspring

Question 40

Translocations

Answer 40

chromosomes composed of parts of two different chromosomes

Question 41

deletions

Answer 41

Structural changes – missing pieces in chromosomes

Question 42

Cancer development a gradual process of…

Answer 42

genetic mutation and phenotypic transformation

Question 43

key features of cancer development

Answer 43

T A I M
(tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis)

Question 44

angiogenesis

Answer 44

formation of new blood vessels

blood supply forms, needed to grow

Question 45

invasion in cancer development

Answer 45

some cells move into adjoining tissue

Question 46

metastasis

Answer 46

some cells move to distant parts of body

Question 47

pressure or friction can cause

Answer 47

hyperplasia calluses

Question 48

tumourigenic

Answer 48

tumour forming

Question 49

psoriasis

Answer 49

autoimmune disease
stays localised
lots of treatment options

Question 50

Galway def. of cancer

Answer 50

a collection of malignant tumour cells

Question 51

3 Hs in enviro. risks

Answer 51

habits, health and harms

Question 52

karyotype

Answer 52

an individual’s complete set of chromosomes