Weeks 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Carcinogen

A

cancer-causing agent, frequently chemical

Any substance or agent that can cause or promote cancer by damaging DNA or causing uncontrolled cell growth. Carcinogens can be chemical, physical, or biological, and their effects depend on the exposure and individual susceptibility.

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2
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer that forms in epithelial tissue (including epidermis)

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3
Q

Rebel cell

A

A cell that behaves abnormally, often resisting the normal controls of growth and division.
(rogue cells)

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4
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

The attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.

  • Cancer cells do not think, do not plan, do not
    intentionally evolve
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5
Q

Cancer in latin

A

“crab”
- disease
- constellation (asterism)
- zodiac sign (pseudoscience)

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6
Q

karkinos in greek

A

crab

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7
Q

A crab is a metaphor for cancer the disease.

A

Blood vessels supplying tumours
look like many legs of a crab attached to the body.
Tumours are hard like the body of a crab.
The pain of a growing tumour is like the pinch of a crab.

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8
Q

Cancer as a metaphor

A

used for unrelated harms

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9
Q

Oncogene

A

A mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

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10
Q

Carcinogenesis / oncogenesis

A

The formation of a cancer, whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.

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11
Q

Tumour

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

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12
Q

benign

A

non-cancerous

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13
Q

malignant

A

cancerous

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14
Q

~90% of cancers start…

A

in the epithelia (carcinomas)

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15
Q

Some names for atypical masses on the body

A

Mole, Cyst, “Skin Tag”, Pimple, Callus, Wart, Mass, Lump

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16
Q

epithelium

A

tissue made of a layer/ layers of cells covering bodily surfaces

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17
Q

tumour vs neoplasm

A

tumour : A lump, growth, localized swelling, mass while…
neoplasm : a new growth

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18
Q

oncology

A

branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and study of cancer.

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19
Q

Glyphosate

A

a typical carbon, oxygen and hydrogen-containing
organic molecule

active ingredient in Roundup herbicide

(is it a carcinogen? No clear answer)

Suspected to cause Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y
among Male Farmers in the Agricultural Health Study.

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20
Q

aneuploidy

A

The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes in a cell or organism.

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21
Q

study on glyphosate use in farming

A

Males most exposed to glyphosate most likely to have lost Y chromosome from some of their cells

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22
Q

hypertrophy

A

Cell sizes increase locally

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23
Q

hyperplasia

A

Cell numbers increase locally

24
Q

Dysplasia

A

the cells are displaced
and disorganized; normal cell
organization not visible

25
Somatic cells divide...
by mitosis (they are the cells of the soma (body))
26
Germ cells
some divide by mitosis others divide by meiosis to produce gametes (eggs or sperm cells)
27
“sporadic cancers”
Somatic cell gene mutations affect the organism in its lifetime - Some mutations enable cancer development.
28
Germ cell gene mutations transmitted to offspring...
may increase risk of cancer in offspring
29
Familial cancers
make up 5-10% of cancers are where an inherited mutant gene enables cancer to develop
30
A neoplasm is a growth resulting from
hyperplasia
31
gene mutation
change in a gene or its regulation
32
Gene mutations change...
cell structure and/or functions
33
Neoplasm to cancer :
cells of a benign tumor accumulate gene mutations over time to become a malignant tumor
34
all species genetic and physical diversity depends on
gene mutations - they enable
35
polygenic
result of multiple interacting genes and factors
36
cancer resistance and susceptibility
hundreds of genes contribute to it is also influenced by environment - habits, health & harms such as pollution
37
certain mutant genes can greatly increase risk of cancer... give an example
albinism (lack of skin pigment) greatly increases risk of skin cancer beyond normal range
38
Whole chromosomes can be...
mutated, affecting many genes
39
review: sexual reproduction transmits parent’s...
genomes to offspring
40
Translocations
chromosomes composed of parts of two different chromosomes
41
deletions
Structural changes – missing pieces in chromosomes
42
Cancer development a gradual process of...
genetic mutation and phenotypic transformation
43
key features of cancer development
T A I M (tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis)
44
angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels blood supply forms, needed to grow
45
invasion in cancer development
some cells move into adjoining tissue
46
metastasis
some cells move to distant parts of body
47
pressure or friction can cause
hyperplasia calluses
48
tumourigenic
tumour forming
49
psoriasis
autoimmune disease stays localised lots of treatment options
50
Galway def. of cancer
a collection of malignant tumour cells
51
3 Hs in enviro. risks
habits, health and harms
52
karyotype
an individual's complete set of chromosomes
53
"onkos" (greek)
a burden, mass or tumour
54
light microscopy is used for
viewing tissue biopsy sections, cells and chromosomes
55
translocations
chromosomes composed of parts of two different chromosomes
56
T A I M
tumour angiogenesis invasion metastasis
57
metastasis
cells move to different parts of body