Week 3 Flashcards
“angio”
vessel
Formation of new blood vessels enables
malignant tumor growth
diffusion-dependent tumor
Diffusion due to concentration gradients
moves oxygen and nutrients towards tumor
and moves wastes and carbon dioxide towards
blood vessels
without blood supply, tumor size is limited to about:
1mm^3
Genetic mutations let some
cancer cells secrete chemical
signals
attract growing blood vessels
Metastasis name
indicates a changed state, not “static”
What kinds of cells normally move around inside
your body?
White blood cells of various types,
T-cells
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
cell movement looks like
crawling
what permits invasion?
Cell detachment and movement
what does metastasis require?
cells must enter blood vessels, survive, exit blood vessels and survive new location (rare)
Cellular definition of cancer:
A tumour is not a cancer, unless it has (or is
likely to produce) cells able to detach, move,
invade other tissues and spread throughout the
body (metastasis)
metastasis
cells spreading throughout the body
occurrence of TAIM in animals
yes, yes, yes, yes
occurrence of TAIM in fungi
T - yes
A - no?
I - probably
M - no
occurrence of TAIM in plants
T - yes
A - yes … xylem, phloem
I - cells could probably grow into it
M - No, cells cannot detach and crawl (move)
occurrence of TAIM in prokaryotes
T - No – single cells can divide abnormally and
clump, but there are no tissues
A - No, single cells not multicellular
I - No
M - No
Cancer is only found among…
animals, multicellular eukaryotes (bilateria metazoans)
Cell walls of fungi and plant cells are
stiff and prevent cells
moving around organism
galls
plant tumours
form independently (no metastasis)
What did cancer originate in?
ancestors of multicellular
animals (bilateria metazoans)
What is cancer?
Excess cell proliferation in a tissue
Excess blood vessel formation
Ability of some primary tumour cells to detach, move
Secondary tumors form at distant locations
How are tumours classified
by place of origin and features
Where do carcinomas form
in epithelia
epithelia
All internal and external surfaces
Body cavity surfaces
Hollow organ surfaces
Ducts and glands surfaces
avg skin SA if it was flat
2m^2
Hematoxylin and eosin
staining dyes
is skin surface flat
no, it is folded around hair follicles and glands
avg skin SA
25m^2 because of appendage openings
where do sarcomas form
in connective tissues
connective tissues
- lie under epithelia
- support and connect organs and cells
- Yielding or soft, rubbery, elastic or hard
- Examples: bone, cartilage and softer tissues,
fatty storage tissue
Terry Fox’s cancer
osteosarcoma in leg (later mestastasized to lung)
Sarcomas form a variable …
small proportion of cancers that are more common in children and youth (connective tissue cells division rate is high, allowing for mutations)
why are sarcomas more common in youth than adults?
connective tissue cells division rate is high, allowing for mutations
Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes…
Distribute and redistribute body fluid and prevent local-fluid accumulation
Cancer cells often metastasize to lymph vessels
and nodes
forming secondary cancerous
tumors there
Removal of cancerous lymph nodes can cause
fluid accumulation, pain and swelling
“-blast” typically refers to
stem cell or embryonic cell origins of tumor
Medulloblastoma
Cancer of Cerebellum
formaldehyde
chemically preserving fixative used in histology
H&E staining
cells are pink and purple
excl. rbc which appear red
Blood cell mass marks on histology slides
blood vessel supplying tumour
Cell theory
developed in 1830s
all macroorganisms (multicellular) including animals are made of cells
Plant cells first identified
1660s
word cell came from
a “monk’s or nun’s cell” (small room)
A tissue comprises
one or more layers of cells.
A tissue may contain
one or more types of cell shapes.
Mature keratinocytes
anucleate, no organelles
Filled with fibrous protein keratin
Tough, strong & water proof
first nations leaders in temagami region declare ban on…
herbicide spraying after glyphosate spill
macrophages
wbcs that surround and kill microbes in the body
T cells
wbcs that are part of the immune system
cancer originated in
ancestors of multicellular animals (bilateria metazoans)
epithelia
where carcinomas form
- all internal and external surfaces
- body cavity surfaces
- hollow organ surfaces
- ducts and glands surfaces
Sarcomas form…
in connective tissues
(more common in youth)
Sarcomas are more common
in youth because the rate of cell division in their connective tissues is higher
