Week 3 Flashcards by Emily Rheault

“angio”

vessel

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Formation of new blood vessels enables

malignant tumor growth

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diffusion-dependent tumor

Diffusion due to concentration gradients
moves oxygen and nutrients towards tumor
and moves wastes and carbon dioxide towards
blood vessels

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without blood supply, tumor size is limited to about:

1mm^3

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Genetic mutations let some
cancer cells secrete chemical
signals

attract growing blood vessels

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Metastasis name

indicates a changed state, not “static”

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What kinds of cells normally move around inside
your body?

White blood cells of various types,
T-cells
Macrophages
Natural killer cells

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cell movement looks like

crawling

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what permits invasion?

Cell detachment and movement

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what does metastasis require?

cells must enter blood vessels, survive, exit blood vessels and survive new location (rare)

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Cellular definition of cancer:

A tumour is not a cancer, unless it has (or is
likely to produce) cells able to detach, move,
invade other tissues and spread throughout the
body (metastasis)

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metastasis

cells spreading throughout the body

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occurrence of TAIM in animals

yes, yes, yes, yes

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occurrence of TAIM in fungi

T - yes
A - no?
I - probably
M - no

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occurrence of TAIM in plants

T - yes
A - yes … xylem, phloem
I - cells could probably grow into it
M - No, cells cannot detach and crawl (move)

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occurrence of TAIM in prokaryotes

T - No – single cells can divide abnormally and
clump, but there are no tissues
A - No, single cells not multicellular
I - No
M - No

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Cancer is only found among…

animals, multicellular eukaryotes (bilateria metazoans)

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Cell walls of fungi and plant cells are

stiff and prevent cells
moving around organism

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galls

plant tumours

form independently (no metastasis)

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What did cancer originate in?

ancestors of multicellular
animals (bilateria metazoans)

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What is cancer?

Excess cell proliferation in a tissue
Excess blood vessel formation
Ability of some primary tumour cells to detach, move
Secondary tumors form at distant locations

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How are tumours classified

by place of origin and features

Where do carcinomas form

in epithelia

epithelia

All internal and external surfaces
Body cavity surfaces
Hollow organ surfaces
Ducts and glands surfaces

avg skin SA if it was flat

2m^2

Hematoxylin and eosin

staining dyes

is skin surface flat

no, it is folded around hair follicles and glands

avg skin SA

25m^2 because of appendage openings

where do sarcomas form

in connective tissues

connective tissues

- lie under epithelia - support and connect organs and cells - Yielding or soft, rubbery, elastic or hard - Examples: bone, cartilage and softer tissues, fatty storage tissue

Terry Fox’s cancer

osteosarcoma in leg (later mestastasized to lung)

Sarcomas form a variable ...

small proportion of cancers that are more common in children and youth (connective tissue cells division rate is high, allowing for mutations)

why are sarcomas more common in youth than adults?

connective tissue cells division rate is high, allowing for mutations

Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes...

Distribute and redistribute body fluid and prevent local-fluid accumulation

Cancer cells often metastasize to lymph vessels and nodes

forming secondary cancerous tumors there

Removal of cancerous lymph nodes can cause

fluid accumulation, pain and swelling

“-blast” typically refers to

stem cell or embryonic cell origins of tumor

Medulloblastoma

Cancer of Cerebellum

formaldehyde

chemically preserving fixative used in histology

H&E staining

cells are pink and purple excl. rbc which appear red

Blood cell mass marks on histology slides

blood vessel supplying tumour

Cell theory

developed in 1830s all macroorganisms (multicellular) including animals are made of cells

Plant cells first identified

1660s

word cell came from

a “monk’s or nun’s cell” (small room)

A tissue comprises

one or more layers of cells.

A tissue may contain

one or more types of cell shapes.

Mature keratinocytes

anucleate, no organelles Filled with fibrous protein keratin Tough, strong & water proof

first nations leaders in temagami region declare ban on...

herbicide spraying after glyphosate spill

macrophages

wbcs that surround and kill microbes in the body

T cells

wbcs that are part of the immune system

cancer originated in

ancestors of multicellular animals (bilateria metazoans)

epithelia

where carcinomas form - all internal and external surfaces - body cavity surfaces - hollow organ surfaces - ducts and glands surfaces

Sarcomas form...

in connective tissues (more common in youth)

Sarcomas are more common

in youth because the rate of cell division in their connective tissues is higher