Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.

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2
Q

Transit-amplifying cells (TACs)

A

an undifferentiated population in transition between SCs and differentiated cells

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3
Q

PET scans

A

detects metabolically active regions including tumours but also normal kidneys

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4
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation that has enough energy to break an electron away from an atom

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5
Q

Cell fates

A
  1. Survive
  2. Grow and Divide
  3. Differentiate
  4. Die

regulated by chemical signalling

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6
Q

necrosis

A

Cell death by pathogens, poisons, damage,
hypoxia (insufficient oxygen), starvation (lack of
glucose and other nutrients), boiling, dehydration

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7
Q

cytochrome c

A

one of the mitochondrial proteins that is released into the cytosol when the cell is activated by an apoptotic stimulus.

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8
Q

release of cytochrome c will…

A

stop ATP synthesis - this stops cell metabolism

  • initiates destruction of cell proteins
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9
Q

skin peeling from sunburn

A

excessive uv exposure damages dna in basal cells and TACs - if dna cannot be repaired, cells stop dividing and die by apoptosis … dead cells detach

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10
Q

whole body imaging - ionizing radiation

A

x-ray, pet

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11
Q

whole body imaging - non-ionizing radiation

A

ultrasound, mri

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12
Q

srsi

A

sense, report, stop and initiate

molecules interacting with molecules

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13
Q

Mitotic spindle defective

A

chromosomes not attached or not aligned

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14
Q

mitogen

A

a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division (mitosis).

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15
Q

word breakdown : mitogen

A

“Mito” mitosis; “gen” agent or substance similar to
“carcinogen”, a cancer-causing substance.

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16
Q

egf

A

epidermal growth factor

17
Q

exposing babies to ionizing radiation…

A

results in greater risk of gene
mutations and therefore cancer, because they have more stem cells dividing more
often than in adults (due to baby growth and development)

18
Q

myc gene

A

stimulates cell division

(named for a cancer in birds in which
this gene and its protein were found to be mutated)

19
Q

EGF binding to EGR-R changes

A

EGF-R shape
This shape change enables EGF-R to bind and activate
other proteins (not shown)

20
Q

when a protein shape changes

A

its function changes

21
Q

Ras

A

named for Rat sarcoma where this protein and
its gene were discovered to be mutated

22
Q

MAP kinase

A

a mitogen-activated protein
kinase; “-ase” indicates a protein with enzymatic
activity

23
Q

protooncogenes and protooncoproteins

A

cancer promoting

24
Q

Ras gene(s) are mutated in

A

30% of all human cancers

(Ras gene mutations promote tumor growth)

  • Mutant Ras protein stimulates cell growth
    and division even when there is no external
    EGF binding to EGF-R
25
Let-7
a microRNA (miRNA) that regulates many processes in the body
26
“Post transcriptional”
means that microRNA acts on mRNAs, not on genes to control protein production
27
how miRNA (microRNA) work
microRNA (miRNA) bind to complementary parts of mRNAs. This region of double stranded RNA blocks ribosome translation of mRNA to make protein. No RAS protein is synthesized - A region of double stranded RNA cannot be translated by ribosome into protein The affected mRNA is degraded (broken down)
28
MRI stands for
magnetic resonance imaging
29
microRNA
short strands of RNA - non-coding - regulates gene expression ex. Let-7
30
let-7 found in
present day nematodes