Week 8

Question 1

Invasion

Answer 1

when cells grow into or detach and crawl into
adjoining tissue.

Question 2

Successful cancer cells

Answer 2

• Cell becomes less responsive or
  unresponsive to external differentiation and
  death signals
• Cell becomes more responsive to survival,
  growth and division signals (such as EGF)
• ability to disperse (metastasize)
• increased mutation (evade regulation)

Question 3

EGF

Answer 3

epidermal growth factor
- protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor, EGFR.

Question 4

Internal Regulation of Apoptosis

Answer 4

unrepaired DNA damage is the signal

Question 5

External Regulation of Apoptosis

Answer 5

Excess cells and virus-infected cells are detected by other cells and signalled to die by apoptosis

Question 6

TP53

Answer 6

tumor suppressor gene encodes p53 protein

Question 7

P53 and other tumor suppressor
proteins

Answer 7

• Detect and respond to DNA damage
• Stop cell proliferation (division and growth) to
  permit time for DNA repair
• If DNA repair fails, they induce or initiate cell
  death

Question 8

tumor suppressor protein examples

Answer 8

p53, pRb, p21

Question 9

oncogenes

Answer 9

mutated genes that can cause cancer by causing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably

Question 10

p53 and p21 named for

Answer 10

their masses
kda/ kilodaltons

Question 11

pRb

Answer 11

retinoblastoma protein

Question 12

mdm2

Answer 12

p53 inhibitor

Question 13

phosphorylation of p53

Answer 13

complex process that activates the tumor suppressor protein p53 in response to DNA damage

Question 14

Double -strand (ds) breaks in DNA are
caused by

Answer 14

X-rays, gamma rays & alpha
particles

Question 15

Protein to protein signaling
depends on

Answer 15

“kinases” & “phosphorylation”

• Kinases add PO4- (phosphate) to
  proteins

Question 16

ATM / ATR & Chk1 / Chk2

Answer 16

kinases that phosphorylate p53 gene

Question 17

autophosphorylation

Answer 17

EGF binding to EGF-R causes shape change that lets EGF-R bind to and transfer phosphate from ATP to
itself

Question 18

Protein deactivation

Answer 18

phosphatases remove phosphates

Question 19

MAP kinase

Answer 19

mitogen activated kinase

Question 20

cancer as an invasive species

Answer 20

helps treatment (invasion and metastasis)

Question 21

biggest phosphorylaters

Answer 21

ATP and GTP

Question 22

Transcription factors (TFs)

Answer 22

proteins that later the frequency with which a gene is transcribed (expressed)

Question 23

what are the stages of species invasion into a new environment equivalent to in cancer biology

Answer 23

cancer cell invasion and metastasis