Weeks 1 & 2

Question 1

What are the periods of development?

Answer 1

1. Prenatal period: From conception to birth
2. Infancy and toddlerhood: From birth to 2 years
3. Early childhood: From 2 to 6 years
4. Middle childhood: From 6 to 11 years
5. Adolescence: From 11 to 18 years

Question 2

What 3 domains is development divided into?

Answer 2

Physical, cognitive and emotional & social

Question 3

What is continuous development?

Answer 3

A process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.

Question 4

What is discontinuous development?

Answer 4

A process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Question 5

What is cross-sectional design?

Answer 5

A study where children of different ages (or groups) are observed at a single point in time

Question 6

What is longitudinal design?

Answer 6

A study where more than one observation of the same group of children is made at different points in their development

Question 7

What is cohort design?

Answer 7

A group of people who were raised in the same environment or who share certain demographic characteristics are assessed and compared to understand developmental effects.

Question 8

What is the advantage of longitudinal design?

Answer 8

Examines changes within individuals over time. Provides a developmental analysis.

Question 8

What is experimental design?

Answer 8

Experimental methods control an individual’s environment or experience, with a random assignment, in systematic ways to identify which variables cause changes in development.

Question 9

What are the disadvantages of longitudinal design?

Answer 9

• Expensive
• Takes a longer time
• Participant attrition
• Possibility of practice effects
• Cannot examine cohort effects

Question 10

What is the advantage of cross-sectional design?

Answer 10

Examines changes between participants of different ages at the same point in time. Provide information on age-related change.

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of cross-sectional design?

Answer 11

Cannot examine changes over time. Cannot examine cohort effects

Question 12

What are the milestones of prenatal development?

Answer 12

1. Conception
2. Zygote
3. Embryo
4. Fetus

Question 13

What is prenatal development?

Answer 13

The development of human individuals before they are born.

Question 14

What is an embryo?

Answer 14

The developing organism during the period when organs are forming. In humans, from cell divisions to until about 10 weeks.

Question 15

What is a fetus?

Answer 15

The organism 12 weeks after conception until birth.

Question 16

What is a neonate?

Answer 16

An infant less than 1 month old.

Question 17

What is postnatal development?

Answer 17

The development of a human after he is born, particularly during early infancy.

Question 18

What are teratogens

Answer 18

Any environmental agent that causes damage and birth defects during the prenatal period, including maternal diseases, substance use such as drugs and alcohol

Question 19

What are influencing factors to teratogens?

Answer 19

1. Timing of the exposure
2. Amount of exposure
3. Number of teratogens
4. Genetics

Question 20

What are dominant genes?

Answer 20

They express themselves in the phenotype (observable) even when paired with a different version of the gene

Question 20

What are recessive genes?

Answer 20

They express themselves only when paired with a similar version gene.

Question 21

How are identical twins created?

Answer 21

When a fertilised egg splits apart in the first two weeks of development

Question 22

How are fraternal twins created?

Answer 22

Two eggs are released and fertilised by two separate sperms.

Question 23

How are autosomal genetic disorders caused?

Answer 23

Due to a gene in one of the non-sex chromosomes

Question 24

X chromosome linked genetic disorders (difference between males and females)

Answer 24

Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match. In females, any recessive allele on one X chromosome has a good chance of being suppressed by a dominant allele on the other X

Question 25

What is the most common chromosomal abnormality?

Answer 25

Down Syndrome

Question 26

What is preeclampsia?

Answer 26

It is a serious disorder of the 2nd and 3rd trimesters, involving high blood pressure, sudden weight gains, headaches and welling of the body

Question 27

What can low birth weight cause?

Answer 27

It can greatly increase the risk of infant death and health problems after birth

Question 28

What is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in newborns?

Answer 28

Alcohol use

Question 29

How does smoking affect the fetus?

Answer 29

The fetus is exposed to dangerous chemicals, including nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar, which are known to reduce the amount of oxygen available to the fetus.