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Cell biology and chemistry > weekly chapter tests > Flashcards

weekly chapter tests Flashcards

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1
Q

list the major levels of organisation in the human body from smallest to largest

A

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level, organismal level

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1
Q

State the meaning of osteology

A

The study of the structure and function of the skeleton and bony structures

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2
Q

How is a tissue different from an organ?

A

A tissue is a group of cells that perform the same function, whereas organs is created by a specific type of tissue and made for a specific function

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3
Q

define the directional term inferior and name a structure/organ that is inferior to the lungs

A

away from the head/lower
The diaphragm

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4
Q

Name the body cavity in which the gallbladder, stomach and small intestine are located

A

The abdominal cavity

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5
Q

Name the horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower portions

A

Transverse plane

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6
Q

define negative feedback and give an example

A

A response that reverses or causes the opposite effect of the original stimulus. For example the regulation of body temperature

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7
Q

list the three components of negative feedback and name the component that receives input and the component that generates a response

A

Receptor
Control centre
Effector
Receptor receives the input, the control centre evaluates this and sends a response to the effector where the effector takes action

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8
Q

State two differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells

A

Prokaryote cells are unicellular while eukaryote cells are multi-celled. Eukaryote cells are much larger and more complex than prokaryote cells.

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9
Q

What is the significance of standard precautions in a clinical setting?

A

Helps to protect health care workers from infection and prevents the spread of infection from patient to patient.

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10
Q

Clostridium botulinum is a bacterium that causes botulism. Clostridium refers to the —— name as per binomial nomenclature.

A

Genus name

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11
Q

Give an example for a prokaryote.

A

Bacteria

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12
Q

State the function of pili (fimbriae) in bacterial cell

A

They function to attach the cells to surfaces

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13
Q

Explain the mode of locomotion in protozoans.

A

Cilia and flagella locomotion. Cilia - tiny hair like structures beat in a continuous pattern like flexible oars. Flagella - long thread like structures that extend from the cell surface

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14
Q

Mention the function of plasmid in a bacterial cell.

A

Used to transfer information from one cell to another

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15
Q

Name the two types of fungi and how they differ structurally?

A

Yeasts and hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular and reproduce asexually by budding or fission.
Hyphae are multi-cellular and reproduce asexually and sexually.

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16
Q

Give an example for a systemic and superficial fungal infection?

A

Systemic - Histoplasma capsulatum (causing histoplasmosis)
Superficial - tinea capatis

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17
Q

Plasmodium is a ———– and it causes Malaria.

A

Genus microorganism

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18
Q

Why are viruses described as ‘obligate intracellular parasites’?

A

They can only replicate within a living host cell

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19
Q

Outline the steps involved in viral replication.

A

attachment
penetration
uncoating
gene expression and replication
assembly
release

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20
Q

Give two examples for latent viral infections and why these infections are called so?

A

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
Herpesviruses (HIV)
Called a latent virus as it exists in the body in a resting state but does not produce more viruses

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21
Q

What are fomites? Give two examples for fomites.

A

an object that may be contaminated in infectious agents and serve in their transmission. Such as a door handle, a tap

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22
Q

Describe any two strategies to prevent disease transmission in a population.

A

Wash hands often and well
Clean surfaces regularly

23
Q

Describe the different modes of disease transmission in human beings.

A

Direct transmission
1. person to person
2. droplet transmission
3. spread by skin
4. bodily fluids and blood
Indirect transmission
1. Air-borne transmission
2. Vector transmission
3. Vehicle transmission

24
Q

Differentiate between endogenous and exogenous infections.

A

Endogenous is when somebody gets an infection from a pathogen that is already colonising in their body. Exogenous is when somebody gets an infection from a germ that recently spread to them

25
Q

Why elderly people are considered as a susceptible host?

A

They have a weakened immune system, so they are not able to fight off infections as well as when we were younger

26
Q

State any two measures to reduce antibiotic resistance.

A

Complete the course, reduce the use (not for viral infections) and reduce the need for them (keep as healthy as possible)

27
Q

Name the cells that produce keratin and mention the function of keratin in the body.

A

Keratinocytes. Keratin waterproofs the skin

28
Q

Give the location of the sebaceous glands and their function.

A

In the dermis. They produce sebum which is an oily substance which moistens the hair, waterproofs and softens the skin and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi

29
Q

How dermal arterioles helps to regulate the body temperature?

A

If temperature is too high then heat must be lost in order to reduce temperature. The blood vessels suppling the skin (arterioles) dilate, known as vasodilation. Meaning more blood reaches the surface of the skin and more heat is lost

30
Q

State any two functions of skin.

A

protects body and regulates body temperature

31
Q

Briefly explain any 5 functions of the skeletal system.

A

Support
protection
Assist in movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Energy storage

32
Q

What are the three major types of joints? Give an example of each.

A

Fibrous Joint, no movement - skull
Cartilaginous Joint, little movement - intervertebral disc
Synovial Joint, freely moving - shoulder

33
Q

What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton is made up of bones in head, neck, back and chest. While the appendicular skeleton is made up of everything else

34
Q

Mention the function of red bone marrow and where is it located in the bone?

A

Red bone marrow is located mostly in flat bones such as the pelvis, scapula, skull and sternum. Red bone marrow has stem cells that grow into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

35
Q

List the four regions of the vertebral column in the correct sequence starting with the most superior region.

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum

36
Q

Define the term reflex and list the components of a reflex arc from stimulus to response.

A

A reflex is the rapid sequence of involuntary actions that occur in response to a particular stimulus
Sensory receptor (afferent), Sensory nueorn, integrating centre, motor neuorn (efferent), effector

37
Q

Briefly outline the functions of the four main lobes of cerebrum.

A

Parietal lobe - contains primary sensory cortex
Occipital lobe - visual cortex
Temporal lobe - Smell, hearing, taste
Frontal lobe - motor cortex, process emotions and problem solving

38
Q

Name the hormones that helps to maintain calcium levels in the blood.

A

Parathyroid hormone - elevates calcium levels
Calcitonin - lowers calcium levels

39
Q

Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.

A

Exocrine glands secrete their substances through ducts onto your body’s surfaces, while endocrine glands secrete substances directly into the bloodstream

40
Q

State any two functions of the cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Maintain chemical balance in the CNS and to nourish the brain

41
Q

Name the components of the cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

42
Q

State the function of the bicuspid valve.

A

Allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and prevents blood from flowing back

43
Q

What are arterioles and mention their function?

A

Arterioles are small blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. They are connectors between arteries and capillaries. They control your blood pressure and blood flow throughout your body, using their muscles to change their diameter. They also link to capillaries to exchange oxygen, nutrients and waste.

44
Q

State the function of neutrophils and basophils in the body.

A

Neutrophils are the first responder of immune cells. Basophils release histamine to mount a non-specific immune response.

45
Q

Name 2 protozoan infections of the blood and name the causative agent for each.

A

Malaria - Plasmodium
Toxoplasmosis - Toxoplasma gondii

46
Q

What microbes cause infection in the blood?

A

Protozoa, Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Worms

47
Q

What is a collective, coordinated response to the introduction of a foreign substance into the body

A

Immune response

48
Q

What is (non-specific) innate immunity?

A

Immunity that is present at birth and lasts throughout life. It prevents microbes entering the body and helps to get rid of those that do get in.

49
Q

Give some examples of innate immunity.

A

Skin, Stomach acid, mucus, fever, inflammation, phagocytes

50
Q

what is an antigen?

A

A foreign substance that enters the body and activates an immune response

51
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When B lymphocytes encounter antigens, they produce antibodies against them when exposed to a disease or from a vehicle.

52
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When ready-made antibodies are gained from a vaccine or from breast milk or across the placenta

53
Q

Name the cells that produce antibodies

A

B-lymphocytes

54
Q

How does a fever help to fight infection?

A

A high temperature is undesirable for microbes and can enhance the immune response (phagocytosis and antibody production)

Cell biology and chemistry (15 decks)

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